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A scheme summarizing the pathological conditions of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and the regenerative effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). AFC, annulus fibrosus cell; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; ECM, extracellular matrix; IL, interleukin; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NPC, nucleus pulposus cell; TIE2, tyrosine kinase with Ig and EGF homology domains-2; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.
