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. 2023 Aug 28;12(17):2161. doi: 10.3390/cells12172161

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Various strategies to differentiate mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) and annulus fibrosus cells (AFCs). Factors in red induce MSC differentiation toward NPC/chondrogenic phenotype; factors in blue, AFC phenotype; factors in black, either NPC/AFC phenotype. ASA VI, Asperosaponin VI; BMP, bone morphogenic protein; BSHXF, BuShenHuoXueFang; CDM, chondrogenic differentiation medium; Co-Q10, Coenzyme Q10; ECM, extracellular matrix; FGF-2, fibroblast growth factor-2; GDF, growth differentiation factor; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; miR, microRNA; Mkx, Mohawk; O-vanillin, Ortho-vanillin; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PPS, pentosan polysulfate; PRP, platelet-rich plasma; PSO, psoralidin; SIRT1, silent mating type information regulator 2 homolog 1; SIX-1, sine oculis homeobox homolog-1; SOX9, SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9; TGF, transforming growth factor; Wnt5a, Wingless signaling transduction 5a.