Table 5.
Biomaterials for inducing mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into intervertebral disc cells.
| Biomaterial | Differentiation | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrogel | |||
| Natural | collagen #1 | NP/chondrogenic | [189,190] |
| gelatin #2 | [191,192] | ||
| HA | [193] | ||
| alginate #3 | [194] | ||
| fibrin | [195] | ||
| chitosan #4 | [196,197,198] | ||
| agarose | [199] | ||
| polypeptide | [32,200] | ||
| PRP and PRP/HA/batroxobin | [193,201] | ||
| multiple materials combined | [202,203] | ||
| Synthetic | PEG | NP/chondrogenic | [204] |
| polyacrylamide | [205] | ||
| redox-polymerized carboxymethylcellulose | [206] | ||
| methacrylated carboxymethylcellulose | [207] | ||
| poly(N-isopropylacrylamide- N,N0-dimethylacrylamide-Laponite | [208] | ||
| poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) microhydrogels | [209] | ||
| poly lactide-co-glycolide | [210,211] | ||
| poly glycerol monomethacrylate-poly 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate diblock copolymer | [58] | ||
| Hybrid | PPS incorporated PEG and HA | NP/chondrogenic | [212] |
| a highly sulfated semi-synthetic polysaccharide combined with PEG/HA | [213] | ||
| poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-graft-chondroitin sulfate) hydrogel combined with or without alginate microparticles | [98,214] | ||
| poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolide nanoparticles carrying TGF-β3 in dextran/gelatin hydrogel | [215] | ||
| 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide cross-linked type II collagen/HA hydrogel | [203] | ||
| nitrogen-doped plasma-polymerized ethylene | [216] | ||
| Commercial | Hydromatrix | NP/chondrogenic | [217] |
| Puramatrix | |||
| Other types of gels | |||
| Natural | alginate | NP/chondrogenic | [56,57,220,221] |
| poly L-lactic acid scaffolds | [118] | ||
| collagen-based carriers | [219,222,223] | ||
| Synthetic | PEG diacrylate microcryogel | [224] | |
| a biocompatible KLD-12 polypeptide/TGF-β1 nanofiber gel | [225] | ||
| layered double hydroxide nanoparticles | [226] | ||
| Other materials | |||
| Decellularized ECM | simple decellularized NP-ECM; genipin-cross-linked decellularized NP hydrogel; genipin-cross-linked decellularized AF hydrogel; decellularized NP and AF ECM mixtures | NP/AF | [229,230,231,232,233] |
| Pellet culture | pellet culture of MSCs | NP/chondrogenic | [84] |
| Chimeric | a silk-based scaffold | NP/AF | [234,235] |
AF, annulus fibrosus; HA, hyaluronic acid; NP, nucleus pulposus; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PPS, pentosan polysulfate; PRP, platelet-rich plasma; TGF, transforming growth factor; # indicates the order of potential for MSC differentiation into an NPC-like phenotype [227].