Table 2.

Subgroup analysis of molecules examined in ≥5 studies.

Subgroup	Number			Effect size			Heterogeneity
	Studies	Patients	Controls	Hedges’ g	95% CI	P	I2 (%)	Q	Pa
Blood ICAM-1
Drug-naïve	2	100	100	−0.81	[−1.10, −0.53]	<0.001	0.00	0.33	0.567
Unmedicated	2	150	208	0.02	[−0.72, 0.77]	0.954	91.80	12.20	<0.001
Medicated	5	290	303	0.12	[−0.39, 0.63]	0.656	89.03	36.45	<0.001
Non-FEP	6	1,241	1,470	0.33	[0.07, 0.59]	0.012	81.97	27.73	<0.001
FEP	2	100	100	−0.58	[−0.87, −0.28]	<0.001	8.91	1.10	0.295
Plasma	5	1,141	1,312	0.28	[−0.09, 0.64]	0.140	87.90	33.06	<0.001
Serum	4	224	289	−0.27	[−0.77, 0.22]	0.281	86.12	21.62	<0.001
Blood MMP-9
Unmedicated	1	44	50	1.21	[0.77, 1.64]	<0.001	/	/	/
Medicated	4	168	188	0.59	[0.16, 1.02]	0.007	72.44	10.88	0.012
Post-ECT	1	13	40	0.09	[−0.53, 0.71]	0.777	/	/	/
Plasma	2	279	291	0.75	[0.18, 1.32]	0.010	77.60	4.46	0.035
Serum	7	410	400	0.65	[0.40, 0.90]	<0.001	64.36	16.84	0.010
Blood NGF
Drug-naïve	5	233	334	−2.16	[−4.02, −0.31]	0.022	98.58	281.99	<0.001
Unmedicated	3	114	120	0.23	[−0.62, 1.08]	0.601	87.16	15.58	<0.001
Medicated	6	307	295	−0.72	[−1.77, 0.34]	0.182	96.98	165.72	<0.001
Non-FEP	8	351	330	−0.19	[−0.59, 0.21]	0.340	84.32	44.65	<0.001
FEP	2	113	102	−1.82	[−3.89, 0.26]	0.086	97.38	38.13	<0.001
Plasma	4	221	221	−1.28	[−2.69, 0.13]	0.075	97.09	103.07	<0.001
Serum	7	388	331	−0.47	[−1.31, 0.36]	0.263	96.35	164.24	<0.001
Blood S100B
Drug-naïve	4	223	217	1.45	[0.01, 2.88]	0.048	97.49	119.31	<0.001
Unmedicated	8	360	362	0.90	[0.55, 1.25]	<0.001	78.03	31.87	<0.001
Medicated	22	1,043	906	1.04	[0.66, 1.43]	<0.001	93.05	302.34	<0.001
Non-FEP	26	1,383	1,035	0.93	[0.61, 1.24]	<0.001	91.91	309.16	<0.001
FEP	5	224	198	0.53	[−0.09, 1.16]	0.096	88.22	33.96	<0.001
Plasma	8	301	292	0.35	[−0.09, 0.78]	0.118	84.84	46.18	<0.001
Serum	24	1,323	963	1.06	[0.72, 1.40]	<0.001	92.21	295.26	<0.001
Blood VCAM-1
Drug-naïve	2	100	100	0.55	[−0.04, 1.15]	0.067	77.29	4.40	0.036
Unmedicated	1	80	80	−2.27	[−2.67, −1.87]	<0.001	/	/	/
Medicated	3	188	199	−0.52	[−1.63, 0.59]	0.357	96.07	50.88	<0.001
Non-FEP	4	1,093	1,269	−0.59	[−1.46, 0.28]	0.182	97.41	115.69	<0.001
FEP	2	100	100	0.22	[−0.06, 0.49]	0.122	0.00	0.07	0.797
Plasma	4	1,063	1,239	−0.02	[−0.14, 0.10]	0.325	13.50	3.47	0.733
Serum	2	130	130	−1.04	[−3.45, 1.36]	0.395	98.66	74.75	<0.001
Blood VEGF
Drug-naïve	1	31	50	−0.77	[−1.23, −0.31]	0.001	/	/	/
Medicated	8	786	710	−0.04	[−0.35, 0.27]	0.792	87.70	56.93	<0.001
Non-FEP	8	695	684	0.18	[−0.12, 0.48]	0.232	85.60	48.60	<0.001
FEP	2	68	64	0.08	[−1.09, 1.25]	0.892	87.90	8.26	0.004
Plasma	3	168	169	0.16	[−0.23, 0.55]	0.423	63.21	5.44	0.066
Serum	8	713	662	0.08	[−0.28, 0.44]	0.654	90.02	70.11	<0.001

CI, confidence interval; FEP, first-episode psychosis; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; NGF, nerve growth factor; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.

^aStatistical significance at 0.1 level.