Table 3.

The significance of EV-miRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in heart failure.

miRNA	Biomarker Type	Regulation in HF	Source of miRNAs	Cohort Size	Analysis Method	Ref.
miR-92-5p	Diagnostic	Up	Serum (H)	n = 28	qRT-PCR	[131]
miR-146a		Up	Plasma (H)	n = 192	qRT-PCR	[132,133]
miR-181c		Up	Serum (H)	n = 57	qRT-PCR	[134]
miR-495		Up	Plasma (D)	n = 11	qRT-PCR	[135]
miR-192	Prognostic	Up	Plasma (H)	n = 91	qRT-PCR	[136]
miR-34a		Up	Plasma (H)	n = 359	qRT-PCR	[137]
miR-194		Up	Serum (H)	n = 21	qRT-PCR	[138]
miR-425		Down	Serum (H)	n = 31	qRT-PCR	[139]
miR-744		Down	Serum (H)	n = 31	qRT-PCR	[139]
miR-30d	Prognostic for CRT response	Down	Plasma (H)	n = 92	qRT-PCR	[140]

Abbreviations: cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT); human (H); dog (D).