Table 4.

The potential therapeutic applications of stem cell-derived EV miRNAs in heart failure.

miRNA	Sources	Animal Model	Function	Ref.
miR-125b-5p	MSC-derived hypo-EVs	MI	Suppress the expression of the pro-apoptotic genes p53 and BAK1 in cardiomyocytes	[144]
miR-98-5p	hypoxic BMMSCs	I/R	Targeting TLR4 and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway	[145]
miR-29b	Exogenously loaded	MI	Antifibrotic activity to prevent excessive cardiac fibrosis	[146]
miR-129-5p	MSCs	MI	Targeting TRAF3 and the following NF-κB signaling	[147]
miR-126	ADSC	AMI	Protecting cardiac cells from apoptosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and increased angiogenesis.	[156]
miR-146a	ADSCs	AMI	Targeting EGR1 to attenuate AMI-induced myocardial damage	[157]
miR-125a-5p	MSCs	I/R	Increase M2 macrophage polarization, promote angiogenesis, and attenuate fibroblast proliferation and activation	[150]
miR-205	ADSC	MI	Promote the proliferation and migration of ECs, facilitate angiogenesis, and inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis	[151]
miRNA-21	Exogenously loaded	MI	Reduce the PDCD4 expression and attenuate cell apoptosis	[155]
miR-30e	MSCs	MI	Inhibit LOX1 expression and impair the NF-κB p65/Cas-9 signaling	[147]
miR-210	MSCs	MI	Targeting Efna3 to improve angiogenesis	[153]
miR-17-92	CPCs	I/R	Inhibit fibrosis	[158]

Abbreviations: adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADSC); acute myocardial infarction (AMI); bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs); cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs); Early growth response factor 1 (EGR1); ephrin A3 (Efna3); lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX1); ischemia-reperfusion (I/R); mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs); myocardial infarction (MI); programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4).