Table 1.
Impacts of F18+ Escherichia coli challenge on health and growth responses in nursery pigs, and the nutritional interventions for mitigating deleterious outcomes.
| Interventions | Observation | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| F18+ E. coli (NC vs. PC) | Treatment (PC vs. Treatment) | ||
| Zinc glycinate | Increased fecal score, enterocyte proliferation (44%), TNF-α (27%), protein carbonyl (67%), and MDA (42%) in jejunum; reduced ADG (23%). | Reduced fecal score, IL8 (39%), TNF-α (26%), MDA (31%), and protein carbonyl (45%); increased ADG (39%) | [68] |
| B. subtilis | Increased frequency of diarrhea and neutrophils (33%) in serum; reduced BW (21%), ADG (35%), ADFI (17.8%), and G:F (24%) | Reduced diarrhea, fecal β-hemolytic coliforms, and neutrophils (16%) in serum; increased BW (20%), and G:F (13%) and expression of tight junction protein in the jejunum | [66] |
| Bacillus sp. + xylanase | Reduced BW (7%), ADG (19%), and G:F (18%) and villus height (18%); increased fecal score, Proteobacteria (37%), IL6 (58%), and MDA (215%) in the jejunal mucosa. | Reduced fecal score, IL6 (27%) in the jejunal mucosa; increased BW (3%) and villus height (23%). | [67] |
| Lactic acid bacteria 1 | Increased frequency of diarrhea, TNF-α (27%), and villus height (17%). | Improved ADG (51%) and ADFI (44%); reduced TNF-α (36%). | [7] |
| Lactobacillus postbiotic | Reduced BW (12%), ADG (22%), ADFI (17%), increased IL8 (83%), and abundance of harmful bacteria. | Improved BW (14%), ADFI (20%), and increased diversity and abundance of beneficial bacteria | [7] |
| Garlic and apple pomace or garlic and blackcurrant | Reduced ADG (4%), G:F (4%), increased inflammation, diarrhea, and the abundance of ETEC and other harmful bacteria in the feces. | Improved G:F (51%), inhibited the proliferation of pathogens, and increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria. | [87] |
| Capsicum oleoresin, garlic botanical, or turmeric oleoresin |
Reduced BW (15%), ADG (46%), G:F (53%), and villus height (18%); increased neutrophils (114%) and TNF-α (36%). | Reduced inflammation and fecal score; reduced neutrophils (43%), | [83] |
| Thymol and carvacrol or a blend of botanicals 2 | Reduced BW (9%), ADG (26%), ADFI (5%); increased diarrhea, TNF-α (36%), and IL6 (20%) in serum. | Increased BW (8%), ADG (49%), ADFI (5%), G:F (44%), decreased diarrhea, TNF-α (23%), and IL6 (21%) in serum. | [85] |
| Blend of botanicals + fatty acids 3 | Reduced G:F (38%) and increased fecal consistency. | Improved G:F (29%) and fecal consistency. | [88] |
| Osteopontin | Reduced BW (26%), ADG (56%), and G:F (58%); increased blood helper T-cells, total leukocyte counts, and TNF-α (29%). | Increased TNF-α (141%) and restored microbiota composition. | [89] |
1 Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium thermophilum, and Enterococcus faecium. 2 10% bitter citrus extract, 20% thymol, and carvacrol, 10% of grape seed and grape marc extract, green tea, and hops, and 60% excipient. 3 3.5 to 6 mg/g of caraway oil, 2.3 to 9.0 mg/g of lemon oil, 1.5% of clove powder, 10% of cinnamon powder, 1.5% nutmeg powder, 5% onion powder, 2% pimento powder, 5% orange peel powder, 12.5% peppermint powder and 12.5% chamomile powder + butyric, caprylic, capric, and lauric acid.