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Schematic diagram of the underlying mechanisms of EcN‐GLP‐1 in improving Parkinson's disease (PD). EcN‐GLP‐1 exerted neuroprotective effects against neurodegeneration and intestinal dysbiosis in 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1, 2, 3, 6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐induced PD mice via delivering GLP‐1 and modulating gut microbiota. GLP‐1, glucagon‐like peptide‐1; EcN‐GLP‐1, the engineered Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 that GLP‐1 cluster genes has been recombinantly integrated into its chromosome
