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. 2023 Aug 31;24(17):13504. doi: 10.3390/ijms241713504

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The main effects of IL-33 and immune cells in the three stages of IBD (acute phase, chronic phase, and cancer) are shown in the figure. IL-33 and ILC2 play crucial roles in the repair and protection of epithelial cells during the chronic and recovery phases. The effects of Treg cells and mast cells differ before and after cancer occurrence. (A) IL-33 plays a role in the acute phase of IBD; (B) The involvement of IL-33 during the chronic stage of IBD; (C) The impact of IL-33 on gastrointestinal cancer.