Table 1.

Cellular and viral factors that influence actin cytoskeleton and associated membrane dynamics events during HIV-1 early infection.

Cellular Factor	Cell Function	Impact on HIV-1 Infection 1
Moesin	Activated by HIV-1 Env/CD4 interaction to polymerize F-actin and link these polymerized AFs with plasma membrane, thus driving pseudopod formation, CD4-CXCR4 aggregation and direct interaction. Favors plasma membrane dynamics to form fusion pore.	+
Filamin-A	Aggregates with polymerized AFs to link them with cytoplasmic regions of HIV-1 CD4 and CXCR4 receptors, thereby anchoring cell surface with AFs. This process promotes CD4-CXCR4 aggregation.	+
PI4P5-K Iα	Promotes HIV-1 Env/CD4-mediated PIP2 production and enhances viral fusion and infection by regulating plasma membrane fluidity and activation of actin-binding proteins.	+
Arf6	GTPase required for HIV-1 Env-mediated pore fusion formation, viral entry, and infection by assuring cell surface regeneration by trafficking Arf6/PIP2-vesicles.	+
Gelsolin	Regulates productive viral infection by cleaving HIV-1 Env/CD4-promoted AFs into short dynamics filaments that drive actin cytoskeleton reorganization and pseudopod formation where CD4/CXCR4-CCR5 aggregates. Unbalanced gelsolin expression levels impair the above-described processes leading to the inhibition of the infection.	+/−
Cofilin	Depolymerizes AFs at postfusion steps to allow viral capsid entry into the cell.	+
EWI-2 and α-actinin	Their silencing has been associated with T-cell infection. Unknown mechanism of action at prefusion or postfusion steps.	−
Dia1/Dia2	Facilitate the intracellular motility of the viral capsid and Dia2 could bind viral capsid to mediate the uncoating process and facilitate retrotranscription at postfusion steps. This process could be detrimental to the infection if it exposes the viral genome before entry the nucleus of cells.	−/+
Viral factor	Function of the viral factor	Impact on HIV-1 infection 1
Nef	Disrupting cortical AFs at postfusion steps to allow capsid entry?	+
Nef	Enhancing retrotranscription activity by associating the PIC complex with cortical actin cytoskeleton at postfusion steps.	+

¹ (+) represents the promotion of HIV-1 infection. (−) represents inhibition of HIV-1 infection.