Table 1.
PPAR subtypes, chromosome localization, natural ligands, synthetic ligands, and biological effects.
| Subtype | Chromosome | Site of Expression | Natural Ligands |
Synthetic Ligands |
Biological Effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PPARα | 22 | Liver, heart, skeletal muscles, BAT, intestine, kidneys, cartilage | Palmitic acid Palmitoleic acid Oleic acid Linoleic acid Stearic acid Pristanic acid Arachidonic acid Eicosatetraenoic acid Leukotriene B4 |
Fenofibrate Bezafibrate Gemfibrozil Wy-14643 |
fatty acid uptake and oxidation inflammation vascular function |
| PPARγ | 3 | WAT, liver, skeletal muscles, brain, stomach intestine, immune cells | Linoleic acid Arachidonic acid Eicosatetraenoic acid PGJ2, Linoleic acid 9-HODE 13-HODE |
Troglitazone Pioglitazone Rosiglitazone BRL49653 GW1929 |
fatty acid uptake and storage inflammation glucose homeostasis |
| PPARβ/δ | 6 | Ubiquitous | FA Retinoic acid Carbaprostacyclin |
GW501516 GW0742 GW501516 |
fatty acid metabolism inflammation macrophage lipid homeostasis |
WAT, white adipose tissue; BAT, brown adipose tissue; PGJ2, Prostaglandin J2; 9-HODE, 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid; 13-HODE, 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid; FA, Fatty acids.