Table 4.

Reciprocal and refutational translations of key metaphors.

Reciprocal Translations: Youth	Psychosis	Recovery	Identity
Expectations of progression in youth [40,41,42,43,45,46,49,50]	Changed relationships with oneself and the world during experiences of psychosis [40,41,43,45,48]	Young people’s recovery means getting on with life like any other young person [40,42,43,49]	The social formation of identity [42,45,47,49,50]
Youth as a process of increasing independence [40,41,43,45,46,49] presupposing competence and maturity [46]	Psychosis/schizophrenia as stagnation and a challenge to ‘normal’ development in youth [40,41,42,43,44,46,47,48,49]	Recovery as an active and interactive process [40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50]	Making personal sense of psychosis and integrating experiences with identity [40,43,45,47,48]
Youth as an identity process [47,48]	Social isolation [40,41,42,43,44,47,48,49], due to loss of friends [40,41,42,47,48,49], loss of capacity to participate [43,47,48], stigmatization [40,41,42,43,44,46,47,48], self-stigma [41,44,47,48,49] and silencing oneself as an act of care [50]	Recovery as the ability to function among others [44,45,47]
Hopes and expectations of increasing independence [40,41,43,45,46,49]	Experiencing difficult emotions [41,43,44,46] including thoughts about dying [41,43]	Need for reciprocity: The importance of giving and receiving support [43,46,47,49,50]
Optimism in youth [43,44,45]		Being with friends is more important to move on with life as a young person than being with parents or staff [45,49]
Refutational Translations: Youth	Psychosis	Recovery	Identity
	Psychosis as illness [40,42,43,44,48,49] vs. psychosis as experience [41] vs. psychosis as experience and illness [46,47,50]	Personal growth occurs through maturation vs. through social validation [41,43] vs. [47]	Personal growth as an identity position following recovery vs. continuous feelings of incompetence, disability and restricted identity [41,44,45,47] vs. [42,47,49]
		Peer service users provide support and potential friendships yet belonging with this group is associated with stigma [40,48,49] vs. [46,48,49]	Engaging with friends enables reflection of the role as emerging adult, yet it involves the risk of rejection and role loss [40,44]
		Engaging with friends enables participation in youth activities, yet it involves the risk of rejection and loss of participation [40,44]	The need to appear ‘normal’ to protect one’s identity from stigma may imply isolating oneself to avoid disclosure of psychosis causing further distress [40,44]
		A positive view of emancipation from parents presupposes sufficient parental support, while complicated relationships with parents involve ambiguous feelings about emancipation [40,42,50] vs. [41,42,50]	A broken vs. reshaped identity following psychosis [45,47] vs. [43,47]
		Extensive intimacy with a partner is soothing yet it involves further distance from others, which may evoke further social isolation [42]
		Relationships with peer service users may enable mutual support, yet adult inpatients’ distress during admissions threatens young people’s identity construction and hopes for the future [40,42,45,46,48] vs. [46]
		Young people may feel cared for yet stuck in the child’s position in relationships with staff who assume parental roles [40,43] vs. [46]