Table 3.

Basic information on design details and clinical outcomes of the included studies.

Study	Country	Assigned Group/ Sample Size/Type of UI	Type of Intervention	Intervention Duration/Number of Sessions	Intervention and Study Design	Results
Giling et al., 2008 [11]	New Zealand	N = 70 EG1 = 35 EG2 = 35 Age: 54.4 Type: SUI	EG1: active ExMI EG2: sham ExMI	6 Wks; 3 times × Wk, 20 min; patients have been educated on PMFT and encouraged to complete low-intensity PFMT at home	20 min of provocative pad test with a predetermined bladder volume, 3-day bladder diary, 24 h pad test, circumvaginal muscle rating score, I-QOL, KHQ	Results indicate that ExMI with low-intensity PFMT is no more effective than sham treatment with low-intensity PFMT
Doganay et al., 2010 [18]	Türkiye	N = 137 EG = 137 Age: 55.8 Type: SUI, UUI	EG: ExMI	8 Wks; 2 times × Wk, 20 min	Urodynamic testing, leakage number, 1 h pad test, I-QoL, VAS	All of the patients with UI were successfully followed up. Patients had a significant QOL and noticed a decrease in daily pad use and leakage episodes after treatment with ExMI
Bakar et al., 2011 [19]	Türkiye	N = 13 EG = 13 Age: 65.23 Type: SUI	EG: ExMI	6 Wks; 2 times × Wk, 20 min	Urinary symptoms, pelvic floor EMG activity, 1 h pad test, VAS, UDI-6, I-QoL	Urinary symptoms and incontinence conditions decreased after ExMI treatment sessions. The pad test results indicated a reduction in urine loss; scores of I-QoL, UDI-6 and VAS reduced after the treatment
Hayes et al., 2012 [21]	Australia	N= 65 EG1 = 33 EG2 = 32 Age: 50 Type: SUI	EG1: PFMT EG2: ExMI	EG1: 5 individual sessions EG2: 6 Wks, 2–3 times × Wk, 20 min	24 h pad test, ICIQ-UI SF,	At 3 months post-treatment, there appears to be no significant difference in treatment effects of PFMT and ExMI in women with SUI
Akbayrak et al., 2014 [20]	Türkiye	N = 20 EG = 20 Age: 47 Type: SUI	EG: ExMI	4 Wks; 5 times × Wk, 20 min	Pelvic floor EMG, 24 h pad test, UDI-6	After the treatment, there was a significant improvement in the amount of urinary leakage, the EMG activity of pelvic floor muscles, and UDI scores
Yamanishi et al., 2014 [12]	Japan	N = 151 EG1 = 94 EG2 = 49 Age: 66 Type: UUI	EG1: active ExMI EG2: sham ExMI	6 Wks; 2 times × Wk, 25 min	Number of leakage episodes, IPSS-QoL	MS is effective for the treatment of UUI in women with an overactive bladder
Lim et al., 2015 [13]	Malaysia	N = 120 EG1 = 60 EG2 = 60 Age ≥ 21 Type: SUI	EG1: active ExMI EG2: sham ExMI	8 Wks; 2 times × Wk, 20 min	Incontinence episode diary, 1 h pad test, ICIQ-UI-SF, PGI-I, CIQ-LUTS-QoL, EQ-5D	MS is effective for SUI
Weber-Rajek et al., 2018 [14]	Poland	N = 52 EG = 28 CG = 24 Age: 65.41 Type: SUI	EG: ExMI CG: No intervention	4 Wks; 3 times × Wk, 15 min	RUIS, BDI-II, myostatin concentration, GSES	A statistically significant improvement in severity of UI and depression severity and a decrease in myostatin concentration
Weber-Rajek et al., 2020 [15]	Poland	N = 128 EG1 = 44 EG2 = 44 CG = 40 Age: 68.77 Type: SUI	EG1: PFMT EG2: ExMI EG3: No intervention	EG1: 4 Wks; 3 times × Wk, 45 min, supervised PMFT EG2: 4 Wks; 3 times × Wk, 15 min	RUIS, BDI-II, GSES, KHQ	PFMT and ExMI proved to be effective treatment methods for SUI in women
Gumussoy et al., 2021 [16]	Türkiye	N = 70 EG1 = 35 EG2 = 35 Age: 50.9 Type: SUI	EG1: EMG-BF EG2: EMG BF and ExMI	EG1: 8 Wks; 2 times × Wk, 20 min, and PFMT exercises at home EG2: 8 Wks; 2 times × Wk, 20 min, and PFMT exercises at home ExMI 6 Wks; 2 times × Wk, 20 min	1 h pad test, 3-day bladder diary, I-QOL, FSFI, PFMF, MOS	The authors did not find any statistically significant differences between all measured variables for the EG1 and EG2 at the initial and final assessments. The authors found no additional benefits to dual therapy
Mikuš et al., 2022 [17]	Croatia	N = 117 EG1 = 48 EG2 = 46 Age: 48.33 Type: SUI	EG1: Kegel exercises EG2: ExMI	EG1: 8 Wks; Kegel exercises at home EG2: ExMI 8 Wks, 2 × Wk, 30 min	PFMF, PGI-I scale, ICIQ-UI-SF, ICIQ-LUTS-QoL	Patients treated with ExMI had a lower number of incontinence episodes, a better QoL, and higher overall satisfaction with treatment than patients who performed Kegel exercises

UI—urinary incontinence, N—number of participants, UUI—urgency urinary incontinence, SUI—stress urinary incontinence, EG—experimental group, ExMI—extracorporeal magnetic innervation, Wks—weeks, min—minutes, Wk—week, PFMT—pelvic floor muscle training, I-QOL—Urinary Incontinence Quality of Life Scale for female patients, KHQ—King’s Health Questionnaire, VAS—visual analog scale, UDI-6—Urogenital Distress Inventory, EMG—electromyographic activity, ICIQ-UI SF—International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire—Urinary Incontinence Short Form, IPSS-QoL—International Prostate Symptom Score-QoL Index, MS—magnetic stimulation, ICIQ-LUTS-QoL—International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Quality of Life Module, PGI-I—Patient Global Impression of Improvement scale, RUIS—Revised Urinary Incontinence Scale, GSES—General Self-Efficacy Scale, BDI-II—Beck Depression Inventory, EMG-BF—biofeedback-guided pelvic floor muscle training, PFMF—pelvic floor muscle function measured with a perineometer; MOS—Modified Oxford Scale, FSFI—Female Sexual Function Index.