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. 2023 Sep 3;24(17):13624. doi: 10.3390/ijms241713624

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of prenatal hypoxia and nMitoQ treatment on cardiac mitochondrial respiratory coupling efficiency in young adult male and female offspring. The OXPHOS coupling efficiency is shown as the ratio between LEAK respiration (L) and respiration with the NADH-linked substrates (P) pyruvate, malate, and glutamate without supplementation with ADP in the hearts of young adult (4-month-old) (A) male and (B) female offspring exposed to prenatal hypoxia (blue) or normoxia (red) after treatment with saline (closed symbols) or nMitoQ (open symbols). Outlier data points are shown in gray. Data were presented as mean ± SEM (n = 8–12 dams/group, 1–2 offspring/dam/group) and analyzed by two-way ANOVA with an unpaired two-tailed t post hoc test and Bonferroni correction (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).