Table 3.

Effects of PCOS on mitochondrial function in oocytes.

Mitochondrial Function	Effect of PCOS on Mitochondrial Function	Model—Species	PCOS Model/Diagnosis	Treatment Timeframe	Method	Therapeutic Intervention	Reference
Biogenesis	No Reports
Mitochondrial Genome	Increased mtDNA copy number	Mouse	Controlled-release DHT pellet implant	90 days (2.75 μg/day)	qPCR (mtCO1:tubulin)		[69]
	No difference in mtDNA copy number	Mouse—offspring	DHT injection in dam post-coitus, assessed post-pubertal pup oocytes	GD 16.5, 17.5, 18.5	qPCR (mtCO1:tubulin)		[58]
Ultrastructure	Disorganized cristae, vacuoles, less electron-dense	Mouse—offspring	DHT injection in dam post-coitus, assessed post-pubertal pup oocytes	GD 16.5, 17.5, 18.5	TEM		[58]
	Mitochondria with malformed cristae with concentric circles, swollen or loss of cristae	Mouse	Controlled-release DHT pellet implant	90 days (2.75 μg/day)	SEM		[69]
	Mitochondria have swollen cristae, no electron-dense contents, and are vacuolated	Mouse—offspring	DHT injection in dams post-coitus, assessed post-pubertal pup oocytes	GD 16.5, 17.5, 18.5	TEM		[70]
	Abnormal mitochondria distribution	Human/Mouse	EVs isolated from PCOS patients with non-hyperandrogenic phenotype were co-cultured with control murine oocytes		Mitochondrial Red Fluorescent Probe		[72]
Metabolism	Increased glucose, pyruvate consumption	Human	Rotterdam		Ultra-microfluorometric assay		[73]
	Increased ATP levels	Mice	Controlled-release DHT pellet implant	90 days (2.75 μg/day)	ATP assay		[69]
	No difference in ATP levels	Mouse—offspring	DHT injection in dams post-coitus, assessed post-pubertal pup oocytes	GD 16.5, 17.5, 18.5			[70]
	Decreased mitochondrial Complex I genes (ND1, ND2, ND5)	Mice	Controlled-release DHT pellet implant	90 days (2.75 μg/day)	qPCR		[69]
	Increased mitochondrial Complexes I and IV genes (ND1, ND6 and CO1, CO2, CO3)	Mouse—offspring	DHT injection in dams post-coitus, assessed post-pubertal pup oocytes	GD 16.5, 17.5, 18.5			[70]
	Decreased MMP	Mice	Controlled-release DHT pellet implant	90 days (2.75 μg/day)	JC-1 staining		[69]
		Rat	DHEA injection (interscapular region)	20 days		Rat-to-mouse BAT xenotransplant increased MMP	[74]
		Mice—offspring	DHT injection in dams post-coitus, assessed post-pubertal pup oocytes	GD 16.5, 17.5, 18.5			[70]
ROS and Repair	Increased ROS	Rat	DHEA injection (interscapular region)	20 days	ROS assay using DCFH-DA	Rat-to-mouse BAT xenotransplant decreased ROS level	[74]
		Human	EVs isolated from PCOS patients with non-hyperandrogenic phenotype were co-cultured with control murine oocytes		DCHF-DA staining		[72]
		Mice—offspring	DHT injection in dams post-coitus, assessed post-pubertal pup oocytes	GD 16.5, 17.5, 18.5	CellROX staining		[70]
	No differences in ROS	Mice	Controlled-release DHT pellet implant	90 days (2.75 μg/day)			[69]
	No differences in lipid peroxidation	Mice	Controlled-release DHT pellet implant	90 days (2.75 μg/day)	BODIPYC11® 581/591 staining		[69]
	Increased CAT	Human	EVs isolated from PCOS patients with non-hyperandrogenic phenotype were co-cultured with control murine oocytes		qPCR		[72]
	Increased GSS	Human	EVs isolated from PCOS patients with non-hyperandrogenic phenotype were co-cultured with control murine oocytes		qPCR		[72]