Table 5.
Effects of PCOS on mitochondrial function in the gravid rat placenta with IP DHT + INS injections.
| Mitochondrial Function | Effect of PCOS Condition on Mitochondrial Function | Treatment Timeframe | Method | Therapeutic Intervention | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biogenesis | Decreased PGC-1α | GD 7.5–GD 13.5 | qPCR | [80] | |
| Decreased TFAM | GD 7.5–GD 13.5 | qPCR | [80] | ||
| Decreased NRF1 | GD 7.5–GD 13.5 | qPCR | [80] | ||
| Mitochondrial Genome | Decreased mtDNA copy number | GD 7.5–GD 13.5 | qPCR | [80] | |
| Ultrastructure | Mitochondrial blebbing | GD 7.5–GD 13.5 and GD 14.5 | TEM | [80,81,82] | |
| Lack of tubular cristae | GD 7.5–GD 13.5 or GD 14.5 | TEM | [81,82] | ||
| Decreased intracristal dilatation | GD 7.5–GD 13.5 | TEM | [80] | ||
| Morphology changes limited to junctional zone; little change in the labyrinth zone | GD 7.5–GD 13.5 or GD 14.5 | TEM | High-dose NAC abolished damaged morphology in junctional zone but had no effect in labyrinth zone | [81,82] | |
| Metabolism | No change in Complex III expression | GD 7.5–GD 14.5 | WB | Low-dose NAC decreased Complex I abundance | [81] |
| Decreased VDAC | GD 7.5–GD 14.5 | WB | High-dose NAC increased VDAC abundance | [80,81] | |
| Dynamics | Decreased MFN1 (Fusion) | GD 7.5–GD 13.5 | qPCR | [80] | |
| Decreased DRP1 (Fission) | GD 7.5–GD 13.5 | qPCR | [80] | ||
| ROS and Repair | Increased ROS | GD 7.5–GD 13.5 | OxiSelect In Vitro, ROS/RNS assay | [80] | |
| Increased MDA | GD 7.5–GD 13.5 | MDA ELISA | [80] | ||
| Increased cytosolic NRF2 and decreased nuclear NRF2 in basal zone | GD 7.5–GD 13.5 | WB, IHC | [80] | ||
| Reduced phosphorylated SOD1 and p-SOD1:SOD1 ratio | GD 7.5–GD 13.5 | WB | [80] | ||
| No difference in SOD2 abundance | GD 7.5–GD 13.5 | WB | [80] | ||
| No difference in GPX4 abundance | GD 7.5–GD 13.5 | WB | [82] | ||
| Less GPX4 in junctional and labyrinth zones | GD 7.5–GD 13.5 | IHC | [82] | ||
| No GPX4 in nuclei of spongiotrophoblasts, cytotrophoblasts, and synctiotrophoblasts | GD 7.5–GD 13.5 | IHC | [82] | ||
| No difference in glutathione | GD 7.5–GD 13.5 | Glutathione/glutathione + glutathione disulfide assay | [82] |
PGC1: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; TFAM: mitochondrial transcription factor A; NRF1: nuclear respiratory factor 1; VDAC: voltage-dependent anion channel; MFN1: mitofusin 1; DRP1: dynamin-related protein 1; MDA: malondialdehyde; NRF2: nuclear respiratory factor 2; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GPX4: glutathione peroxidase 4; IP: intraperitoneal; DHT: dihydrotestosterone; INS: insulin; GD: gestational day; WB: Western blot; IHC: immunohistochemistry; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; NAC: n-acetyl-cysteine.