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. 2023 Aug 31;24(17):13511. doi: 10.3390/ijms241713511

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Interactions and regulations involving mesenchymal stem cells in the tumor microenvironment. AKT: protein kinase B; α-SMA: α-smooth muscle actin; C3a: complement component 3 anaphylatoxins; CAF: cancer-associated fibroblast; CCL: CC chemokine ligand; COL: collagen; Cox-2: cyclooxygenase-2; CSC: cancer stem cell; CXCL: C-X-C motif ligand; CXCR: C-X-C motif chemokine receptor; DDR2: discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase 2; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FASL: fas ligand; FSP1: fibroblast-specific protein 1; HGF: hepatocyte growth factor; HIF-1: hypoxia-inducible factor-1; IDO: indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase; IFN-γ: interferon-γ; IGF: insulin growth factor; IL: interleukin; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; JAK/STAT: janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription; MMPs: matrix metalloproteinases; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; NFκB: nuclear factor-κB; NK: natural killer; NO: nitric oxide; PD-1: programmed cell death protein 1; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; PD-L1: programmed cell death ligand 1; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; RANTES: regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted; SDF-1: stromal cell-derived factor 1; Smad: small mothers against decapentaplegic; Src: proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase; STAT: signal transducer and activator of transcription; TAM: tumor-associated macrophage; TAN: tumor-associated neutrophil; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; TNFR: tumor necrosis factor receptor; TRAIL: tumor-necrosis-factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor. (Figure designed by BioRender).