Table 4.

Function of vegetable oils in antioxidant activity.

Functional Components	Oil Types	Mechanisms	References
Tocols	Pomegranate seed oil Soybean oil Cress oil	Primary or chain breaking antioxidants; tocopherols can provide electrons to FR to make them become inactive compounds with the exchange of becoming tocopherol FR, which is easy excrete in feces and urine after metabolism.	[9,52]
Phytosterols	Rice bran oil Corn oil	Possible primary or chain breaking antioxidant.	[52]
Phenolics	Coconut oil Torreya grandis seed oil	Primary or chain breaking antioxidants. Secondary or preventive antioxidants act as chelators of metal ions. Stabilize and prevent decomposition of hydroperoxides. Phenolic compounds can prevent the generation of FR in the body and block the oxidation reaction of PUFAs or LDLs induced by FR.	[52]
Carotenoids	Tomato seed oil Sea buckthorn seed oil	Secondary or preventive antioxidants act as singlet oxygen quenchers. Primary or chain breaking antioxidants. Carotenoids are able to donate an electron and neutralize FR, resulting in the suppression of excess FR production to inhibit the deterioration of internal redox balance and terminate some chain reactions.	[52]
Fatty acids	Flaxseed oil	n-3 PUFAs can reduce mitochondrial dysfunction and endothelial cell apoptosis associated with oxidative stress by increasing the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes.	[53]