Table 2.
Contribution of AMF in helping plants to cope with biotic and abiotic stress.
| Host Plant | AMF Strains | Stress | Observed Responses | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solanum lycopersicum | Rhizophagus irregularis | Salinity | Growth hormone promotes plant health, increasing root and shoot weight and improving leaf structure. | [106] |
| Leymus chinensis | Glomus mosseae | Salinity | Positive outcomes include elevated phosphorus and nitrogen levels, enhanced seedling weight, and increased plant water content. | [107] |
| Cucumis sativus L. | Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Rhizophagus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae | Salinity | Enhanced growth, higher antioxidant enzyme activity, elevated proline and phenolic content, and improved uptake of vital mineral elements have been observed. Furthermore, the absorption of sodium ions was reduced. | [108] |
| Medicago sativa | Glomus mosseae | Salinity | Among the crucial nutrients for plants, phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and potassium (K) play pivotal roles. | [109] |
| Glycine max L. Merrill | Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Rhizophagus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae | Salinity | Benefits encompass improved plant and root systems, heightened nutrient uptake, minimized lipid peroxidation, and reduced membrane damage. | [27] |
| Prunus dulcis x Prunus persica hybrid | Rhizophagus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae | Salinity | Plant growth sees improvements through elevated antioxidant enzymes, increased photosynthetic compounds, soluble sugars, and proline content. | [110] |
| Pisum sativum L. | Rhizoglomus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizoglomus fasciculatum, Gigaspora spp. | Salinity | Enhanced biomass, chlorophyll content, nutrient absorption, and accumulation of compatible osmolytes contribute to overall plant well-being. | [111] |
| Euonymus maackii Rupr | Rhizophagus intraradices | Salinity | Notable advantages include enhanced photosynthesis, increased nutrient assimilation, and improved antioxidant enzyme activity. | [112] |
| Citrullus lanatus L. | Glomus mosseae, Gigaspora gigantean | Salinity | Plants display heightened foliage coverage, larger fruit dimensions, improved root establishment, elevated nutrient concentrations, and increased antioxidant enzyme activity. | [113] |
| Eucalyptus camaldulensis | Glomus spp., Gigaspora albida, Gigaspora decipiens | Salinity | An increase in photosynthetic pigments, reduced leaf proline, and favorable effects on physiological and biochemical parameters were noted. | [114] |
| Zea mays L. | Rhizophagus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae, Funneliformis geosporum | High temperature | Positive plant attributes, augmented photosynthetic transpiration rate, and improved pigments enhance overall growth. | [115] |
| Triticum aestivum | Rhizophagus irregularis, Funneliformis mosseae, Funneliformis geosporum, Claroideoglomus claroideum | High temperature | Improved nutrient uptake and increased grain numbers are among the observed effects. | [116] |
| Zea mays L. | Glomus tortuosum | Temperature stress | Elevated levels of shoot nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and copper (Cu), along with increased nitrate reductase activity, were recorded. | [117] |
| Zea mays L. | Glomus tortuosum | Cold stress | A notable increase in amino acid concentrations was observed. | [118,119] |
| Elymus nutans Griseb. | Funneliformis mosseae | Cold stress | Enhanced antioxidant enzymes, photosynthetic pigments, and overall plant growth were evident. | [120] |
| Hordeum vulgare L. | Glomus versiforme, Rhizophagus irregularis | Cold stress | The presence of elevated antioxidants, osmoprotectants, and increased potassium uptake positively impacted plant growth and metabolism of phenolics. | [121] |
| Cucumis sativus L. | Rhizophagus irregularis | Cold stress | Photosynthetic efficiency and carbon sink both showed improvement. | [122] |
| Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) | Rhizoglomus irregulare, Funneliformis mosseae | High-temperature stress | The growth rate increased alongside enhanced substrate carbon conversion efficiency and stomatal conductance. | [123] |
| Zea maize L. | Funneliformis | High temperature | Regulation of photosystem (PS) II heterogeneity was observed. | [115] |
| Solanum lycopersicum, Capiscum annuum, Cucumis sativus | Rhizophagus irregularis | High-temperature stress | Increased vigour, productivity, and fruit quality were prominent outcomes. | [124] |
| Saccharum arundinaceum | Glomus spp. | Drought | Enhanced levels of antioxidant enzymes, phenolics, chlorophyll, and plant biomass were found in leaves. | [125] |
| Triticum aestivum | Glomus mosseae | Drought | Improved chlorophyll levels, higher content of antioxidant enzymes ascorbic acid, and increased nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) content were noted. | [126] |
| Ipomoea batatas | Glomus spp. | Drought | Osmoprotectants played a role in adjusting osmotic potential. | [127] |
| Lycopersicon esculatum, Capsicum annuum | Rhizophagus irregularis, Rhizophagus fasciculatus | Drought | Increases in biomass, root and shoot length, and photosynthetic pigments were observed, while proline concentration decreased. | [128] |
| Solanum lycopersicum | Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus irregularis | Drought | Enhanced plant height, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, biomass, and reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and abscisic acid (ABA) were recorded. | [129] |
| Triticum aestivum L. | Glomus mosseae, Glomus fasciculatum, Gigaspora decipiens | Drought | Positive effects on plant growth parameters and photosynthetic pigments were evident. | [130] |
| Digitaria eriantha | Rhizophagus irregularis | Drought | Increased shoot dry weight, stomatal conductance, lipid peroxidation, and ROS levels were observed in both shoot and root. | [131] |
| Triticum durum | Rhizophagus intraradices | Drought | Enhanced grain biomass, micronutrient content, and gliadins in grains were notable outcomes. | [132] |
| Poncirus trifoliate | Funneliformis mosseae, Paraglomus occultum | Drought | Growth attributes saw improvement through increased root weight and length, higher fructose and glucose levels, lower sucrose levels, and proline accumulation. | [133] |
| Cupressus arizonica | Rhizophagus irregularis, Funneliformis mosseae | Drought | Growth was enhanced, and levels of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde were reduced. | [134] |
| Ephedra foliata Boiss | Glomus etunicatum, Rhizophagus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae | Drought | Antioxidant enzyme activity, proline, glucose, and total soluble protein levels increased, improving nitrogen metabolism. | [135] |
| Zea mays L. | Rhizophagus irregularis | Drought | AM plant roots demonstrated diamine oxidase activity, converting putrescine into aminobutyric acid (GABA). | [136] |
| Ceratonia silique | Glomus, Gigaspora, Acaulospora, Entrophospora | Drought | Positive impacts included increased plant growth, nutrient levels, stomatal conductance, photosystem II (PSII) efficiency, and water content. | [137] |
| Catalpa bungee C.A.Mey | Rhizophagus intraradices | Drought | Root morphology, water content, biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and various plant hormones (except ABA) all showed improvement. | [138] |
| Cinnamomum migao | Glomus lamellosum, Glomus etunicatum | Drought | Enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity and osmoprotectants led to reduced malondialdehyde levels. | [139] |
| Sesamum indicum L. | Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices | Drought | Improved oil and seed yield, total soluble protein, leaf phosphorus content, and heightened photosynthetic pigments were observed. | [140] |
| Lonicera japonica Thunb. | Rhizophagus intraradices, Glomus versiforme | Cd | Lower cadmium (Cd) levels in shoots and roots were noted, with more significant accumulation in roots. This indicated enhanced Cd tolerance. | [141] |
| Solanum lycopersicum L. | Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, Claroideoglomus etunicatum | Cd | Reduced malondialdehyde and ROS levels provided improved protection against Cd stress. | [142] |
| Cajanus cajan L. | Rhizophagus irregularis | Metals—cadmium and zinc | Increases in root biomass, macro- and micronutrients, and proline formation were observed. | [108] |
| Zea mays L. | Glomus intraradices | Heavy metal: cadmium | Combined effects were seen regarding soil alkalinization, Cd immobilization, and reduced Cd phytoavailability. | [143] |
| Trigonella foenumgraecum | Glomus monosporum, Glomus clarum, Gigaspora nigra | Metals—cadmium | Enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde content contributed to phytostabilization. | [144] |
| Trigonella foenumgraecum | Glomus monosporum, Glomus clarum, Gigaspora nigra | Cd | HX3 and HN89 plants showed no significant impacts on Cd accumulation or translocation. | [145] |
| Glycine max | Rhizophagus irregularis | Cd | Increased glomalin production and metal uptake were evident in plants. | [145] |
| Helianthus annuus | Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices | Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Pb, Co, Mo, Fe, and Si | Root colonization was enhanced, increasing root and shoot dry weight and higher phosphorus content. | [146] |
| Zea mays L. | Rhizophagus fasciculatus, Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, Glomus aggregatum | Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb | Elevated levels of total chlorophyll content and net photosynthesis rate were observed. | [147] |
| Phragmites australis | Funneliformis mosseae | TiO2NPs | The plant’s biomass, growth, and physiological properties all experienced increases. | [148] |
| Cynodon dactylon | Funneliformis mosseae, Diversisporas purcum | Pb, Zn, Cd | The vulnerability of standing milkvetch to powdery mildew was enhanced, accompanied by improved shoot and root growth. | [149] |
| Medicago sativa | Glomus aggregatum, Glomus intraradices, Glomus elunicatum, Glomus versiforme | Cd | Dry weight, growth, yield, and production of antimicrobial substances all increased in plants. | [150] |
| Medicago truncatula | Rhizophagus irregularis | Pb | Reduced crop plant infections resulted in improved growth and yield. | [151] |
| Phragmites australis | Rhizophagus irregularis | Cu | Plant growth was heightened, along with an increase in functional leaf quantity. | [152] |
| Sorghum vulgare | Acaulospora fragilissima, Acaulospora saccata, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Pervetustus simplex, Rhizophagus neocaledonicus, Scutellospora ovalis, Rhizophagus neocaledonicus | Ultramafic soils (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, and Co) | Growth hormone promotes plant health, increasing root and shoot weight and improving leaf structure. | [153] |
| Solanum lycopersicum L. | Funneliformis mosseae | Cladosporium fulvum | Positive outcomes include elevated phosphorus and nitrogen levels, enhanced seedling weight, and increased plant water content. | [154] |
| Saccharum offcinarum L. | Gigaspora margarita, G. etunicatum, Scutellospora fulgida | - | Enhanced growth, higher antioxidant enzyme activity, elevated proline and phenolic content, and improved uptake of vital mineral elements have been observed. Furthermore, the absorption of sodium ions was reduced. | [155] |
| Astragalus adsurgens var. Shanxi Yulin | Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Glomus versiforme, Funneliformis mosseae | Erysiphe pisi DC 1805 | Among the crucial nutrients for plants, phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and potassium (K) play pivotal roles. | [156] |
| Lycopersicon esculentum, Capsicum annuum | Rhizophagus irregularis, Rhizophagus fasciculatus | Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici | Benefits encompass improved plant and root systems, heightened nutrient uptake, minimized lipid peroxidation, and reduced membrane damage. | [157] |
| Capsicum annum | Glomus spp. | Pythium aphanidermatum | Plant growth sees improvements through elevated antioxidant enzymes, increased photosynthetic compounds, soluble sugars, and proline content. | [158] |
| Glycine max (L.) Merr | Rhizophagus irregularis | Macrophomina phaseolina | Enhanced biomass, chlorophyll content, nutrient absorption, and accumulation of compatible osmolytes contribute to overall plant well-being. | [159] |