Table 3.
Anthropometric and serum metabolic profiles following egg diet periods.
| Egg-Free Diet | Egg White Diet | Whole Egg Diet | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body weight, kg | 66.7 ± 12.1 a | 67.3 ± 12.7 b | 67.2 ± 12.7 ab | 0.038 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.9 ± 2.8 | 23.0 ± 3.0 | 23.0 ± 3.0 | 0.054 |
| Body fat, % | 24.8 ± 7.1 | 25.5 ± 7.3 | 26.1 ± 7.7 | 0.189 |
| Fat mass, g | 36.9 ± 15.1 a | 37.7 ± 15.9 ab | 38.2 ± 16.2 b | 0.020 |
| Fat free mass, g | 109.8 ± 20.1 | 110.3 ± 21.0 | 109.6 ± 20.3 | 0.241 |
| Muscle mass, g | 104.0 ± 19.5 | 104.5 ± 20.3 | 102.8 ± 20.7 | 0.142 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 138.8 ± 1.6 | 139.2 ± 1.5 | 139.0 ± 1.8 | 0.623 |
| Potassium, mmol/L | 4.13 ± 0.24 | 4.11 ± 0.23 | 4.11 ± 0.26 | 0.913 |
| Chloride, mmol/L | 104.0 ± 1.8 | 104.7 ± 2.0 | 104.1 ± 1.8 | 0.248 |
| Carbon dioxide, mmol/L | 23.9 ± 3.0 | 23.9 ± 2.4 | 23.8 ± 2.5 | 0.977 |
| Calcium, mg/dL | 9.35 ± 0.29 | 9.32 ± 0.30 | 9.35 ± 0.24 | 0.921 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 12.7 ± 3.2 | 13.0 ± 3.0 | 12.9 ± 3.0 | 0.907 |
| Protein, g/dL | 0.807 ± 0.09 | 0.784 ± 0.13 | 0.78 ± 0.11 | 0.160 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.42 ± 0.30 | 4.43 ± 0.26 | 4.40 ± 0.23 | 0.735 |
| Globulin, g/dL | 2.41 ± 0.32 | 2.42 ± 0.33 | 2.52 ± 0.34 | 0.170 |
| Albumin:Globulin | 1.88 ± 0.33 | 1.86 ± 0.30 | 1.78 ± 0.25 | 0.190 |
| Bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.53 ± 0.25 | 0.55 ± 0.33 | 0.50 ± 0.2 | 0.681 |
| ALP, U/L | 55.9 ± 14.1 | 55.9 ± 17.0 | 54.5 ± 11.9 | 0.983 |
| ALT, U/L | 14.4 ± 6.1 | 13.0 ± 6.8 | 13.2 ± 5.1 | 0.453 |
| AST, U/L | 18.5 ± 5.5 | 17.9 ± 5.2 | 18.0 ± 4.5 | 0.751 |
| hsCRP, mg/L | 1.5 ± 1.9 | 1.7 ± 3.1 | 2.2 ± 3.8 | 0.629 |
| Total ketones, μmol/L | 170.9 ± 105.3 | 167.2 ± 141.4 | 137.4 ± 54.6 | 0.468 |
| BHB, μmol/L | 173.7 ± 106.6 | 170.1 ± 143.7 | 138.6 ± 55.4 | 0.462 |
| Acetoacetate, μmol/L | 39.8 ± 21.7 | 40.4 ± 29.6 | 38.0 ± 16.0 | 0.934 |
| Acetone, μmol/L | 36.3 ± 16.3 | 34.3 ± 15.5 | 31.5 ± 11.8 | 0.482 |
| Choline, μM | 8.8 ± 2.8 a | 9.6 ± 2.3 ab | 10.6 ± 2.6 b | 0.025 |
| Betaine, μM | 32.4 ± 10.4 a | 31.6 ± 10.9 a | 36.6 ± 13.4 b | <0.001 |
| TMAO, μM | 2.1 ± 1.5 | 4.0 ± 6.4 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 0.092 |
Data are reported as mean ± standard deviation, n = 23–26. Values with different letters (a, b) are significantly different at p < 0.05. ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BHB: beta-hydroxybutyrate; BMI: body mass index; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; TMAO: trimethylamine N-oxide.