Table 1.
Beneficial effects of dietary phytochemicals in allergic diseases.
| Flavonoids | Experimental Models | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quercetin | OVA-induced AR in BALB/c mice 25 mg/kg dosage 5 d during challenge |
Inhibited sneeze and nasal rubs | [99] |
| Suppressed angiogenic factors | |||
| and TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 | |||
| Quercetin | Human HaCaT keratinocytes | Promoted wound repair | [20] |
| ↑ E-cadherin, Occludin, Twist, Snail | |||
| ↑ IL-10 at basal level | |||
| ↓ MMP1, MMP2, MMP9, ↓ TSLP | |||
| Kaempferol | DNCB/mite extract induced | ↓ ear thickness | [101] |
| dermatitis in BALB/c mice ear | ↓ Dermal and epidermal thickness | ||
| 15, 50 mg/kg 5 d on/2 d off | ↓ Mast cell infiltration | ||
| for 4 wks following 2nd DNCB | ↓ Serum IgE | ||
| ↓ mRNA of IL-4, IL-13, IFNγ | |||
| IL-17a, IL-6, IL-31, TSLP | |||
| in ear tissue | |||
| Jurkat cells | ↓ αCD3/CD28, PMA/A23187 | ||
| stimulated IL-2 production | |||
| ↓ AICD | |||
| Inhibited MRP-1 activity | |||
| Suppressed JNK phosphorylation | |||
| Kaempferol | OVA-induced allergic asthma | ↓ TGF-β production in the lung | [53] |
| in BALB/c mice | ↑ E-cadherin and epithelial thickening | ||
| 10, 20 mg/kg for 3 days | ↓ α-SMA, | ||
| during challenge | ↓ Collagen IV, ↓ MT1-MMP | ||
| ↓ Lung fibrosis | |||
| ↓ PAR1 signaling | |||
| Naringenin | OVA-induced AR in Sprague Dawley rats | Reduced nasal scratching and number of sneezing | [102] |
| 100 mg/kg 7 d during challenge | Decreased serum IL-4, IL-5 | ||
| Diosmetin | DNCB-induced AD | ↑ Skin barrier function | [103] |
| in SKH-1 hairless mice | ↓ Skin swelling, erythema | ||
| 5 mg/kg for 14 d | ↓ Skin erosion and dryness | ||
| during challenging period | ↓ Epidermal thickness | ||
| ↓ Mast cell infiltration in skin | |||
| ↓ Serum IgE and IL-4 | |||
| Baicalin | OVA-induced AR | Reduced inflammatory cells | [100] |
| in BALB/c mice | in nasal lavage fluid | ||
| L-Baicalin 50 mg/kg | ↓ Nasal symptoms | ||
| H-Baicalin 200 mg/kg | ↓ Thickness of nasal epithelium | ||
| 10 d following sensitization | ↓ Nasal mucus production | ||
| and 4 d before challenge | ↓ IL-17, ↑ IL-10 in nasal discharge | ||
| ↓ OVA-specific IgE, IgG1 antibodies | |||
| Inhibited autophagy in nasal mucosa | |||
| Baicalin | DNTB-induced AD | ↓ Dorsal skin thickness | [104] |
| in BALB/c mice | ↓ Trans-dermal water loss | ||
| 50, 100, 200 mg/kg | ↓ Epidermal thickness | ||
| 14-d following DNTB stimulation | ↑ Skin barrier function, ↓ TSLP | ||
| ↓ NF-κB signaling pathway in skin | |||
| ↓ JAK, STAT signaling pathway | |||
| ↑ Actinobacteria | |||
| Licoricidin | DNCB/mite induced atopic | ↓ Epidermal and dermal tissue | [105] |
| dermatitis in ear tissue | ↓ Infiltrating mast cells | ||
| in BALB/c mice | ↓ Serum IgE, IgG1, IgG2a | ||
| 50 mg/kg 5 d on/2 d off following | ↓ mRNA of IL-4, IL-5, | ||
| the 2nd DNCB for 4 wks | IL-6, IL-13 in ear tissue | ||
| ↓ Size and weight of draining | |||
| lymph nodes | |||
| ↓ T cells and Th2 cytokines in dLNs | |||
| ↑ T cell PTPN1 phosphorylation in dLNs | |||
| ↓ DC activation through | |||
| antagonizing PTPN1 | |||
| Resveratrol | 3-month repeated OVA | ↓ Airway hyperresponsiveness | [52] |
| exposure induced chronic | ↓ Inflammatory cells, IL-4, Il-5, Il-13 | ||
| asthma in BALB/c mice | in BAL fluid | ||
| ↓ Lung infiltration of inflammatory cells | |||
| ↓ Goblet cell number | |||
| ↓ Peribronchial α-SMA | |||
| ↓ Collagen amount in lung tissue | |||
| SDG | OVA-induced AR | Ameliorated sneezing number | [106] |
| in BALB/c mice | Decreased eosinophil and neutrophil | ||
| 100 mg/kg 3 times a week for | infiltration | ||
| 4 wks before initial sensitization | Enhanced β-glucuronidase | ||
| activity and increased | |||
| ED levels in nasal passage |
HACAT—cells-human epidermal keratinocyte cell line; MMP—matrix metalloproteinases; DNCB—dinitrochlorbenzene; Jurkat cells–T-lymphocyte cell line; CD—cluster of differentiation; PMA—phorbol-myristate-acetate; AICD—activation-induced cell death; MRP—motility related protein; JNK—c-Jun-N-terminal kinases; TGF—transforming growth factor; MT1-MMP—membrane type 1-matrix-metalloproteinase; OVA—ovalbumin; SDG—secoisolariciresinol diglucoside; ED—enterodiol; PTPN1—protein tyrosine phosphatase-receptor type 1; dLN—draining lymph nodes; alpha SMA—anti-alpha-smooth muscle actin; PAR—protease-activated receptor. ↑, up-regulation; ↓, down-regualtion.