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. 2023 Aug 25;15(17):3728. doi: 10.3390/nu15173728

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Diagram of the gut-brain axis that regulates food intake. Gut-brain peptides, gut microbes, and their metabolites transmit the nutritional state of the body to the brain through the gut-brain axis pathway and thus regulate the food intake of the body by affecting the activity of appetite related neurons. AgRP, agouti-related peptide; ARC, arcuate nucleus; BAs, bile acids; CCK, cholecystokinin; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; LHA, lateral hypothalamic area; NPY, neuropeptide Y; NTS, nucleus tractus solitarii; PYY, peptide YY; POMC, pro-opiomelanocortin; SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids.