Table 2. Characteristics of patients with PVE according to in-hospital mortality.
| Survivors (n = 912) | Non-survivors (n = 442) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age. years (IQR) | 69 (61–76) | 73 (65–78) | <0.001 |
| Male gender | 623 (68.3) | 280 (63.3) | 0.069 |
| Hospital-acquired | 313 (34.3) | 202 (45.7) | <0.001 |
| Site of infection | |||
| Aortic | 645 (70.7) | 324 (73.3) | 0.324 |
| Mitral | 322 (35.3) | 193 (43.7) | 0.003 |
| Tricuspid | 13 (1.4) | 3 (0.7) | 0.293 |
| Pulmonary | 25 (2.7) | 2 (0.5) | 0.005 |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Chronic heart failure | 380 (41.6) | 229 (51.8) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 250 (27.4) | 155 (35.0) | 0.004 |
| Intravenous drug user | 10 (1.0) | 0 | - |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 70 (7.6) | 57 (12.8) | 0.002 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 153 (16.6) | 82 (18.5) | 0.419 |
| Neoplasia | 139 (15.2) | 77 (17.4) | 0.304 |
| Chronic renal failure | 207 (22.7) | 150 (33.9) | <0.001 |
| Chronic liver disease | 55 (6.0) | 40 (9.0) | 0.041 |
| Congenital heart disease | 68 (7.4) | 16 (3.6) | 0.006 |
| Age-adjusted Charlson index (IQR) | 4 (3–6) | 5 (4–7) | <0.001 |
| Early PVE | 319 (35.0) | 173 (39.1) | 0.135 |
| Late PVE | 593 (65.0) | 269 (60.9) | 0.135 |
| Microbiology | |||
| Gram-positive bacteria | |||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 105 (11.5) | 103 (23.3) | <0.001 |
| CoNS | 285 (31.3) | 152 (34.4) | 0.247 |
| Enterococcus | 161 (17.7) | 56 (12.7) | 0.019 |
| Streptococcus | 199 (21.8) | 63 (14.3) | 0.001 |
| Gram-negative bacilli | 45 (4.9) | 18 (4.1) | 0.480 |
| Anaerobic bacteria | 24 (2.6) | 6 (1.4) | 0.135 |
| Fungi | |||
| Candida | 17 (1.9) | 16 (3.6) | 0.049 |
| Other fungal species | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 0.546 |
| Polymicrobial | 11 (1.2) | 7 (1.6) | 0.569 |
| Other microorganisms | 27 (3.0) | 9 (2.0) | 0.322 |
| Echocardiographic findings | |||
| Vegetation | 615 (67.4) | 313 (70.8) | 0.209 |
| Intracardiac complications | 344 (37.7) | 225 (50.9) | <0.001 |
| Valve perforation or rupture | 25 (2.7) | 25 (5.6) | 0.008 |
| Pseudoaneurysm | 90 (9.8) | 58 (13.1) | 0.072 |
| Perivalvular abscess | 286 (31.4) | 174 (39.4) | 0.012 |
| Intracardiac fistula | 40 (4.3) | 23 (5.5) | 0.503 |
| Clinical course | |||
| Acute heart failure | 271 (29.7) | 271 (61.3) | <0.001 |
| Persistent bacteremia | 86 (9.4) | 67 (15.1) | 0.002 |
| Stroke | 176 (19.2) | 144 (32.5) | <0.001 |
| Embolism a | 192 (21.0) | 93 (21.0) | 0.996 |
| Acute renal failure | 317 (34.7) | 254 (57.4) | <0.001 |
| Septic shock | 43 (4.7) | 140 (31.6) | <0.001 |
| Surgical indication | 622 (68.2) | 387 (87.6) | <0.001 |
| Surgery performed b | 447 (71.9) | 203 (52.4) | 0.238 |
| Surgery indicated not performed | 175 (28.1) | 184 (47.6) | <0.001 |
IQR: Interquartile range.
a Excluding cases with stroke.
b Percentages calculated considering only patients with surgical indications.