Table 3. TB prevalence by country and HIV status, overall and stratified by sex and age group.

	HIV–negative			HIV–positive1			Unadjusted OR, comparing HIV–positive with HIV–negative individuals	Adjusted OR2, 95% CI
Zambia	n3	N4	%5	n3	N4	%5	OR	OR	95% CI
Male, age <30	28.0	5,886	0.48	1.7	162	1.05	2.04	2.06	[0.32, 13.42]
Male, age 30–39	18.7	1,590	1.17	12.8	339	3.78	3.31	3.44	[1.62, 7.30]
Male, age 40–49	20.0	877	2.28	12.6	447	2.81	1.24	1.24	[0.59, 2.61]
Male, age ≥50	9.4	1,063	0.89	2.1	333	0.64	0.72	0.77	[0.17, 3.59]
Male, all ages	76.1	9,416	0.81	29.2	1,281	2.28	2.86	1.80	[1.10, 2.94]
									P = 0.196
Female, age <30	9.6	8,857	0.11	3.4	842	0.41	3.67	3.74	[0.91, 15.37]
Female, age 30–39	1.8	2,579	0.07	9.6	1,294	0.74	11.45	11.71	[1.72, 79.90]
Female, age 40–49	1.8	1,163	0.16	6.4	1,042	0.62	4.13	4.33	[0.66, 28.47]
Female, age ≥50	6.8	1,617	0.42	2.5	509	0.49	1.15	1.20	[0.25, 5.73]
Female, all ages	20.0	14,216	0.14	22.0	3,687	0.60	4.25	3.75	[1.84, 7.66]
									P = 0.346
Males and females, all ages	96.1	23,632	0.41	51.2	4,968	1.03	2.55	2.29	[1.54, 3.41]
South Africa
Male, age <30	44.8	3,114	1.44	2.6	92	2.88	1.99	1.97	[0.51, 7.64]
Male, age 30–39	28.5	1,181	2.41	6.4	222	2.88	1.18	1.26	[0.48, 3.31]
Male, age 40–49	31.1	675	4.60	8.7	203	4.28	0.92	1.02	[0.43, 2.39]
Male, age ≥50	31.1	944	3.29	7.8	141	5.56	1.72	1.98	[0.82, 4.76]
Male, all ages	135.5	5,914	2.29	25.6	658	3.89	1.72	1.40	[0.85, 2.29]
									P = 0.706
Female, age <30	28.8	3,662	0.79	10.1	549	1.83	2.35	2.58	[1.17, 5.71]
Female, age 30–39	18.0	1,468	1.22	13.8	950	1.46	1.19	1.42	[0.64, 3.14]
Female, age 40–49	3.6	867	0.42	7.5	586	1.28	3.19	3.92	[0.90, 17.02]
Female, age ≥50	12.6	1,452	0.87	1.5	266	0.56	0.60	0.76	[0.10, 5.60]
Female, all ages	63.0	7,449	0.85	32.9	2,351	1.40	1.66	1.93	[1.14, 3.25]
									P = 0.406
Males and females, all ages	198.5	13,363	1.49	58.4	3,009	1.94	1.31	1.61	[1.13, 2.30]

¹ In Zambia: Overall, 13.5% self-reported they were HIV–positive and taking ART, 1.0% self-reported they were HIV–positive and not taking ART, 1.5% tested HIV–positive. In South Africa: Overall, 12.9% self-reported they were HIV–positive and taking ART, 1.3% self-reported they were HIV–positive and not taking ART, 1.9% tested HIV–positive.

² For subgroup analysis of males and females, adjusted for triplet and estimating age-group-specific odds ratios to compare HIV–positive with HIV–negative individuals (interaction between age group and HIV status, in the logistic regression model); for analysis of males and females combined, adjusted for triplet and allowing the association between age group and prevalent TB to be different for males and females (interaction between sex and age group, in the logistic regression model).

³ Number of individuals with prevalent TB.

⁴ Total participants.

⁵ Percentage with prevalent TB.

⁶ P-value for evidence for variation in ORs (comparing HIV–positive to HIV–negative individuals) among the 4 age groups.

ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio.