Table 2.
Summary of the mutational rates and proportion of tissue which possess somatic mutations in different types of normal tissue.
| Organ | Tissue | Proportion with somatic mutations | Mean number of mutations per basepair per year | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lung | Normal bronchial epithelium |
Never-smokers: 4–14% Current smokers: 25% |
Never-smokers: 22 per cell Ex-smokers: 2330 per cell Smokers: 5300 per cell |
[30] |
| Liver | Cirrhotic liver parenchyma | - | 33 per diploid genome | [32] |
| Normal hepatocytes | - |
Liver stem cells: 11 per cell per mitosis Hepatocytes: 21 per cell per mitosis |
[33] | |
| Oesophagus | Normal oesophageal squamous epithelium | 24/25, 96% | 41.5 per genome | [19] |
| Small intestine | Normal small intestinal epithelium | - |
Duodenum: 51 per crypt Jejunum: 50 per crypt Ileum: 42 per crypt |
[12] |
| Colon | Normal colonic epithelium | 26/445, 5.8% | 43.6 per crypt | [45] |
| Ulcerative and crohn’s disease affected colonic epithelium | - | 95 per crypt | [25] | |
| Colorectal, ileal and duodenal epithelium from individuals with exonuclease domain mutations in POLE or POLD1 | 20/109, 18.3% |
POLE L424V: 331 per crypt POLD1 S478N: 152 POLD1 D316N and L474P: 58 |
[48] | |
| MAP-affected colonic epithelium | 22 / 144, 15% |
MUTYH Y179C: 177 MUTYH Y104*: 193 MUTYH G286E: 145 |
[47] | |
| Kidney | Renal proximal tubule cells | - | 11.7–55.6 per genome | [50] |
| Bladder | Normal urothelium | - | 1879 per genome | [52] |
| Normal urothelium from bladder and kidney | - | 2.2 per megabase DNA | [54] | |
| Prostate | Benign prostatic epithelium in patients with prostatic cancer (mitochondrial DNA) |
Adjacent benign: 19/24, 79.2% Distant benign: 22/24, 91.7% |
- | [55] |
| Normal prostate epithelium | - | 16.4 per clone | [18] | |
| Endometrium | Normal endometrium |
1 driver: 147/257 glands, 57.2% 2 drivers: 42/257, 16.3% ≥4 drivers: 5/257, 1.9% |
29 per gland | [58] |
| Normal endometrium | 551/891 glands | [59] |