Table 1.
Impact of nanoparticles on germination, morphological physio-biochemical and molecular parameters of dicot plants under drought stress
| Nanoparticles (NPs) | Concentration of nanoparticles (NPs) | Name of crop/family | Mode of treatment | Response/tolerance mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nano Zinc oxide (ZnO NPs) | 0, 0.5, and 1 g/L (ZnO NPs) | Soybean (Glycine max, Fabaceae) | Seed treatment | Enhanced germination percentage and rate | Sedghi et al. (2013) |
| Nano TiO2 (nano-anatase) | 0, 10, 100, and 500 mg/L | Flaxseed or Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L., Linaceae) | Soil treatment | Increased photosynthetic parameters and pigments. Decreased ROS (reactive oxygen species) and increased the accumulation of MDA (Malondialdehyde) | Aghdam et al. (2016) |
| Silica Nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) | 0, 10, 50, and 100 mg/L | Hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata, Rosaceae) | Soil treatment | Improves photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. Decreased MDA and xylem water potential | Ashkavand et al. (2015) |
| Fullerenol nanoparticles -FNPs | 700 μmol/L and 70 μmol/L | Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris, Amaranthaceae) | Foliar treatment |
Accumulation of GSH (Glutathione) and MDA Decreased antioxidant activities of CAT, APx and GPx |
Borišev et al. (2016) |
| Micnobits (ZnO, CuO, and B2O3 NPs) | 1.77, 0.80, and 0.92 g/L | Soybean (Glycine max, Fabaceae) | Foliar treatment | Enhanced uptake of NPK as well as S, Ca, and Mg | Dimpka et al. (2020) |
|
Maghemite particles Y-Fe2O3 NPs |
0.5, 0.8, 1, or 2 mg/mL, totally 100, 160, 200 and 400 mg per plant | Rapeseed (Brassica napus, Brassicaceae) | Hydroponics treatment |
Reduced harmful Fenton reactions (Iron salts and hydrogen peroxide in acid conditions) Scavenged reactive oxygen species |
Palmqvist et al. (2017) |
| TiO2 NPs | 20 ppm | Mullein (Verbascum sinuatum, Scrophulariaceae) | Hydroponics treatment | Increased flavonoids and total phenolic contents. Enhanced photosynthetic pigments. Improved nitrogen assimilation | Karamian et al. (2019) |
| Fe, Cu, Co, ZnO Nanoparticles | 50 mg/L of Fe, ZnO and Cu NPs and 0.05 mg/L, Co NPs, ZnO NPs | Soybean (Glycine max, Fabaceae) | Seed treatment | Enhanced physiological traits such as, relative water content, drought tolerance index, and biomass reduction rate, Upregulated drought tolerance marker genes, GmRD20A, GmDREB2, GmERD1, GmFDL19, GmNAC11, GmWRKY27, GmMYB118, and GmMYB174 in roots or shoots (or both). Upregulated ABA biosynthesis | Linh et al. (2020) |
| ZnO NPs | 0, 50, and 100 ppm | Eggplant (Solanum melongea L. Solanceae) | Foliar treatment | Improved acquisition of macro-and micronutrients, increasing relative water content (RWC), alleviating cell membrane damage Increased in biomass. (Leaf, stem etc.) | Semida et al. (2021) |
| Silicon nanoparticles | 0, 100, 200, and 500 mg/L | Marigold (Calendula officinalis, Astraceae) | Seed treatment | Enhanced germination rate and germination index. The vigour index based on seedlings length and dry weight | Rahimi et al. (2021) |
| Selenium nanoparticles | 20 mg/L | Pomegranate (Punica granatum, Lythraceae) | Foliar treatment | Enhanced photosynthetic parameters. Increased phenolic content, antioxidants, osmolytes and ABA levels | Zahedi et al. (2021) |
| Silicon nanoparticles | 1.5 mM | Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L. Apiaceae) | Foliar treatment | Improved plant growth and yield. Enhanced relative water content, total soluble sugar, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, essential oil content | Afshari et al. (2021) |
| Chitosan nanoparticles | 1% | Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus, Apocyanaceae) | Foliar treatment | Enhanced plant growth, increased total chlorophyll content and increased photosynthetic rateIncreased plant growth, relative water content, stomatal conductance, and total chlorophyll. Increased proline accumulation and antioxidant activity of CAT and APX. Reduced H2O2 and MDA accumulation. High alkaloid content was associated with induced gene expression of strictosidine synthase (STR), deacetylvindoline-4-O-acetyltransferase 15(DAT), peroxidase 1 (PRX1) and geissoschizine synthase (GS) | Ali et al. (2021) |
| Zinc oxide nanoparticles | 25, 50, and 100 mg/L | Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L, Solanaceae) | Foliar treatment | Increased biomass. Reduced malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide content. Increased ascorbic acid, free phenols, and the activity of SOD, CAT, and APX | El-Zohri et al. (2021) |
| Natural char nanoparticles | 0.3 and 0.6% | Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L, Solanaceae) | Soil treatment | Increased plant growth, nutritional indices, increased soil microbial population | Nassaj-Bokharaei et al. (2021) |
| Magnetite nanoparticles | 20, 50, 100, and 200 mg/L | Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum, Fabaceae) | Foliar treatment | Enhanced plant growth, increased total chlorophyll content and increased photosynthetic rate | Bisht et al. (2022) |
| Zinc oxide nanoparticles | 25 mg/L and 100 mg/L | Cucumber (Cucumis pepo, Cucurbitaceae) | Foliar treatment | Decrease in ROS and Peroxidation. Increased glycine betaine, proline, total amino acids, and soluble sugars | Ghani et al. (2022) |
| Silicon dioxide nanoparticles | 12.5, 25, and 50 ppm | Green Pea (Pisum sativum, Fabaceae) | Foliar treatment | Improved growth parameters. Increased RWC, specific leaf area. Increased activity of CAT, SOD, APX and GSH. Increased phenolic contents. Reduced hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation | Sutulienė et al. (2022) |
| Selenium nanoparticles | 0.5, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 mg/L | Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Chenopodiacea) | Seed treatment | Increased in germination parameters and antioxidant enzyme activity (Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)), proline, and protein content | Gholami et al. (2022) |
| Zinc oxide nanoparticles | 10, 20, 40, 50, 100, 300, and 1000 ppm | Peanut (Arachis hypogea, Fabaceae) | Foliar treatment | Increased biomass and pod yield and promoted antioxidant enzyme activity | Latha et al. (2022) |