Table 2.
Characteristics of the language samples
| Variable | Group/values | Dutch (N = 597) | English (N = 223) | Finnish (N = 213) | Italian (N = 268) | Norwegian (N = 263) | Spanish (N = 254) | Total (N = 1818) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sexa | Female | 229 (38.4%) | 74 (33.2%) | 84 (39.4%) | 84 (31.3%) | 83 (31.6%) | 75 (29.5%) | 629 (34.6%) |
| Male | 368 (61.6%) | 149 (66.8%) | 129 (60.6%) | 184 (68.7%) | 180 (68.4%) | 179 (70.5%) | 1189 (65.4%) | |
| Age | M (SD) | 52.9 (19.1) | 48.3 (17.1) | 47.7 (19.6) | 50.2 (20.6) | 45.8 (19.9) | 47.1 (19.4) | 49.5 (19.5) |
| Mdn [Min, Max] | 57.0 [16.0, 95.0] | 51.0 [16.0, 85.0] | 50.0 [16.0, 89.0] | 53.0 [16.0, 93.0] | 48.0 [16.0, 89.0] | 44.0 [16.0, 93.0] | 51.0 [16.0, 95.0] | |
| Years of education | M (SD) | 14.4 (3.87) | 14.9 (3.73) | 13.3 (3.16) | 12.4 (4.37) | 14.1 (3.21) | 14.7 (5.60) | 14.0 (4.13) |
| Mdn [Min, Max] | 15.0 [4.00, 30.0] | 14.0 [7.00, 25.0] | 12.0 [9.00, 30.0] | 13.0 [4.00, 25.0] | 14.0 [4.00, 25.0] | 15.0 [2.00, 30.0] | 14.0 [2.00, 30.0] | |
| Missing | 128 (21.4%) | 30 (13.5%) | 66 (31.0%) | 50 (18.7%) | 15 (5.7%) | 45 (17.7%) | 334 (18.4%) | |
| Injury causea | Incidental fall | 287 (48.1%) | 88 (39.5%) | 98 (46.0%) | 95 (35.4%) | 111 (42.2%) | 116 (45.7%) | 795 (43.7%) |
| Road traffic accident | 238 (39.9%) | 104 (46.6%) | 70 (32.9%) | 135 (50.4%) | 105 (39.9%) | 107 (42.1%) | 759 (41.7%) | |
| Other | 67 (11.2%) | 28 (12.6%) | 37 (17.4%) | 31 (11.6%) | 43 (16.3%) | 25 (9.8%) | 231 (12.7%) | |
| Missing | 5 (0.8%) | 3 (1.3%) | 8 (3.8%) | 7 (2.6%) | 4 (1.5%) | 6 (2.4%) | 33 (1.8%) | |
| Clinical pathwaysa | ER | 102 (17.1%) | 62 (27.8%) | 51 (23.9%) | 67 (25.0%) | 66 (25.1%) | 71 (28.0%) | 419 (23.0%) |
| Ward | 308 (51.6%) | 74 (33.2%) | 99 (46.5%) | 57 (21.3%) | 114 (43.3%) | 54 (21.3%) | 706 (38.8%) | |
| ICU | 187 (31.3%) | 87 (39.0%) | 63 (29.6%) | 144 (53.7%) | 83 (31.6%) | 129 (50.8%) | 693 (38.1%) | |
| GOSE score | 3 | 14 (2.3%) | 13 (5.8%) | 9 (4.2%) | 24 (9.0%) | 9 (3.4%) | 12 (4.7%) | 81 (4.5%) |
| 4 | 30 (5.0%) | 18 (8.1%) | 7 (3.3%) | 19 (7.1%) | 4 (1.5%) | 13 (5.1%) | 91 (5.0%) | |
| 5 | 63 (10.6%) | 36 (16.1%) | 17 (8.0%) | 27 (10.1%) | 32 (12.2%) | 32 (12.6%) | 207 (11.4%) | |
| 6 | 89 (14.9%) | 34 (15.2%) | 23 (10.8%) | 43 (16.0%) | 55 (20.9%) | 22 (8.7%) | 266 (14.6%) | |
| 7 | 180 (30.2%) | 37 (16.6%) | 45 (21.1%) | 45 (16.8%) | 62 (23.6%) | 78 (30.7%) | 447 (24.6%) | |
| 8 | 221 (37.0%) | 84 (37.7%) | 112 (52.6%) | 110 (41.0%) | 101 (38.4%) | 97 (38.2%) | 725 (39.9%) | |
| Missing | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.1%) | |
| TBI severitya | Uncomplicated mild | 275 (46.1%) | 83 (37.2%) | 96 (45.1%) | 75 (28.0%) | 110 (41.8%) | 80 (31.5%) | 719 (39.5%) |
| Complicated mild | 190 (31.8%) | 65 (29.1%) | 74 (34.7%) | 90 (33.6%) | 85 (32.3%) | 106 (41.7%) | 610 (33.6%) | |
| Moderate | 45 (7.5%) | 11 (4.9%) | 16 (7.5%) | 33 (12.3%) | 17 (6.5%) | 12 (4.7%) | 134 (7.4%) | |
| Severe | 63 (10.6%) | 51 (22.9%) | 15 (7.0%) | 61 (22.8%) | 27 (10.3%) | 52 (20.5%) | 269 (14.8%) | |
| Missing | 24 (4.0%) | 13 (5.8%) | 12 (5.6%) | 9 (3.4%) | 24 (9.1%) | 4 (1.6%) | 86 (4.7%) | |
| GCS score | Mean (SD) | 13.4 (3.09) | 12.2 (4.38) | 13.7 (2.73) | 11.9 (4.13) | 13.4 (3.13) | 12.4 (4.51) | 12.9 (3.68) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 15.0 [3.00, 15.0] | 15.0 [3.00, 15.0] | 15.0 [3.00, 15.0] | 14.0 [3.00, 15.0] | 15.0 [3.00, 15.0] | 15.0 [3.00, 15.0] | 15.0 [3.00, 15.0] | |
| Missing | 15 (2.5%) | 1 (0.4%) | 8 (3.8%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.8%) | 2 (0.8%) | 28 (1.5%) | |
| Total ISS | M (SD) | 17.0 (12.1) | 20.5 (17.4) | 13.3 (9.94) | 22.8 (18.0) | 17.6 (14.7) | 19.4 (16.3) | 18.3 (14.8) |
| Mdn [Min, Max] | 13.0 [1.00, 75.0] | 17.0 [1.00, 75.0] | 9.00 [1.00, 50.0] | 18.0 [1.00, 75.0] | 13.0 [1.00, 75.0] | 16.0 [1.00, 75.0] | 13.0 [1.00, 75.0] |
aFor categorical variables and the GOSE score, absolute (N) and relative (%) frequencies are reported. Due to rounding, the values may not sum up to exactly 100%
M, mean; SD, Standard deviation; Mdn, median; Min, minimum; Max, maximum; Injury cause (Other: summarized category for relative frequencies < 5%, including non-intentional injury; suicide attempt; violence/assault, act of mass violence); ER, emergency room; ward, admission to hospital ward; ICU, intensive care unit; GOSE, Glasgow Outcome Scale – Extended; ISS, Injury Severity Score