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. 2023 Sep 8;7:90. doi: 10.1186/s41687-023-00632-5

Table 3.

Proportion of PCS rated as at least mild

Symptom Language samples TBI severity
Dutch (N = 597) (%) English (N = 223) (%) Finnish (N = 213) (%) Italian (N = 268) (%) Norwegian (N = 263) (%) Spanish (N = 254) (%) Mild/moderate (N = 1,521) (%) Severe (N = 269) (%)
Headaches 27 31 33 27 31 33 30 29
Dizziness 27 28 34 23 28 30 28 28
Nausea 7 8 8 7 7 6 8 4
Noise sensitivity 26 22 17 19 27 24 22 27
Sleep disturbance 29 34 36 26 28 27 30 26
Fatigue 52 56 42 40 48 37 44 63
Irritable 28 33 24 29 27 31 27 36
Depressed 27 38 21 28 22 28 26 35
Frustrated 30 43 23 29 28 24 28 39
Forgetful 41 46 36 45 38 37 38 57
Poor concentration 37 39 32 40 34 31 34 44
Longer to think 42 41 25 28 34 22 32 42
Blurred vision 19 18 18 17 18 17 17 22
Light sensitivity 14 13 16 18 16 15 15 18
Double vision 10 13 11 12 6 11 9 17
Restless 24 20 19 19 21 16 20 22

Symptoms rated at least as a mild problem (i.e., ≥ 2). Bold values indicate relative frequencies over 33% (i.e., 1/3 of each language sample)