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. 2023 Sep 8;14:5519. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41170-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — A Design and printed sample of a dual-direction shape-morphing structure. B–D The configurations from experiments and FEA simulations with a 50% strain in different directions. E, F Design and printed sample of uni-direction shape morphing structures and the experiment and FEA results with a 50% strain on different directions. G through-hole interlocking assembly of complex 3D architectures with shape-morphing structures. All FEA simulations share the same color map. All scale bar is 1 cm.