Table 3.

Examples of 3D printed drug loaded natural nanomaterials for wound healing.

3D Scaffold	Product Description	Evaluation Outcomes	Reference
Chitin-covered CeNPs	Cerium NP-based wound dressing hydrogels covered by chitin	•an efficient fluid handling capacity and antimicrobial activity	[111].
RES-DOX–CS–CLG Cross-linked scaffold	emulsification and lyophilization based formulations of resveratrol microparticles (RES-GMS) loaded chitosan-collagen (CS-CLG) scaffold with doxycycline (DOX) on DWH	•optimal porosity, reduced matrix degradation, and prolonged drug release	[108]
		•promoted cell proliferation in the dermis by improving fibroblast function
CS-Pec-Dex Wound patch	propolis extract with beta cyclodextrin embedded with chitosan on pectin 3D-printed films using SSE.	•good in vitro antimicrobial activities	[109]
		•accelerated wound-healing effect
PhycoTrix™ bioink	a dual-network polysaccharide hydrogel 3D printed scaffold engineered through ionic and chemical means	•high cell viability, cell binding affinity, and proliferation compared to alginate studies	[107]
		•promising application as wound dressings and matrices for tissue repair and regeneration
Gentamycin Polyelectrolyte Multilayers	Conformal, consistent, inkjet printed coatings on a cotton substrate loaded with the antibiotic gentamicin.	•Significant antimicrobial activity of the gentamicin-releasing polyelectrolyte multilayer-coated cotton.	[112]
		•A burst gentamicin release, followed by steady release.
		•a low cost, scalable, versatile option for polyelectrolyte multilayer fabrication.
FBMSC-CMM 3D Membrane	freeze-dried bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-conditioned medium membrane (FBMSC-CMM) for delivery of paracrine factors	•significantly accelerated wound healing	[113]
		•enhanced the neovascularization as well as epithelialization through strengthening the trophic factors in the wound bed
Osteopontin in collagen scaffold	A 3D scaffold fabricated from type 1 collagen for topical cell delivery of circulating angiogenic cells (CACs)	•Increased angiogenesis and increased percentage wound closure	[114]
		•a potential novel therapy for the treatment of non-healing diabetic foot ulcers in humans.