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. 2023 Sep 8;13:14790. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-42046-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Prerequisites for glial origins in the Metazoa (a) Glial cell type conservation in bilaterian phyla. Molecular markers and morphological features of major glial cell types are shown. (b) The current view of glial evolution assumes that glia emerged with centralization of the nervous system, i.e., after the last common bilaterian ancestor diverged from the Cnidaria. (c) Nervous system features accompanying glial presence are conserved in Cnidaria, including all bilaterian gliogenic TFs.