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. 2023 Sep 8;13:13261. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-39957-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Principal component analysis of the ochre pieces from Porc-Epic Cave and natural ochre from the surrounding area. PCA using a centred logarithm ratio (clr) transformation of the 10 most frequently detected major, minor and trace elements by EDXRF (Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, V, As, Rb, Sr, Y) of archaeological pieces (a,b) and both archaeological and natural ochre pieces (c–f), by raw material type (a,c), modification type (b), modification occurrence (d), level (e) and accumulation area (f). SFG soft fine-grained, BFG banded fine-grained, HFG hard fine-grained, CG coarse-grained, FS ferruginous sandstone, PFG platy fine-grained, NEA northeastern area, SEA southeastern area.