Concentration and diagnostic performance of VDBP in plasma BCDEVs from MDD patients and HCs. (A) VDBP protein level in plasma MDEVs, NDEVs, and ADEVs from MDD and HCs in the discovery cohort, as measured by ELISA. (B) Diagnostic accuracy of VDBP in plasma BCDEVs of MDD in the discovery cohort, as calculated by the AUC of the ROC curve. Pearson correlation analysis showed the relationships between the VDBP level in plasma MDEVs (C), NDEVs (D), or ADEVs (E) and HAMD-24 scores in MDD patients of the discovery cohort. (F) VDBP level in plasma MDEVs from MDD patients was confirmed in the validation cohort. (G) Diagnostic accuracy of VDBP in plasma BCDEVs of MDD in the validation cohort. Pearson correlation analysis showed the relationships between VDBP level in plasma MDEVs (H), NDEVs (I), or ADEVs (J) and HAMD-24 scores in MDD patients of the validation cohort. HAMD-24: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-24 item. ∗∗∗P < 0.001, n. s.: = not significant. Results are presented as mean ± SEM.