Table 2.

Different mechanisms in regulating mRNA processes by IGF2BPs in cancers.

IGF2BPs	Cancer	Target mRNA	Mechanisms of IGF2BPs in RNA processes	Roles of mRNA in cancers	References
1	Breast cancer	KRT7	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Promote breast cancer lunger metastasis	10
1	Lung adenocarcinoma	CTNNB1	Promote mRNA stabilization	Oncogene	101
1	GC	SEC62	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Promote GC proliferation and inhibit cell apoptosis	234
1	CRC	β-TrCP1	Prevent miRNA-dependent degradation	Serve as substrate recognition subunit of E3 ubiquitin ligase	120
1	CRC	LDHA	Bind to the 3′UTR of LDHA mRNA	Promote glycolysis	171
1	HCC	YES1	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Oncogene	15
1	HCC	LYPD1	Stabilize mRNA in an m6A-dependent manner	Promote tumorigenesis	122
1	HCC	MKI67	Promote mRNA stabilization	Promote cell proliferation and inhibit cell apoptosis	235
1	HCC	GLI1	Promote mRNA stabilization	Promote cell proliferation and metastasis	112
1	HCC, ovarian cancer, lung cancer	SRF	Serve as an m6A reader and impair miRNA-dependent degradation	Enhance expression of genes that promote aggressive cancer phenotype	11
1	HCC, PC, ovarian cancer, melanoma, lung cancer,	E2F	Rely on 3′UTR-, miRNA-, and m6A-dependent to stabilize it	Promote G1/S cell cycle transition	13
1	Melanoma, ovarian cancer	eEF2	\	Enhance basal proliferation rates	223
1	Ovarian cancer	MDR1	Promote mRNA stabilization	Regulate chemoresistance	64
1	Ovarian cancer	SIRT1	Prevent miRNA-dependent degradation	Promote anoikis-resistance	118
1	Ovarian clear cell carcinoma	let-7 target mRNA (IGF2BP1, HMGA2, LIN28B)	Sequester mRNA into mRNP that do not contain RISC to stabilize it	Promote cancer cell growth and self-renewal	116
1	Endometrial cancer	SOX2	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	An oncogenic transcriptional factor	153
1	Endometrial cancer	PEG10	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Promote cell cycle and cancer progression	159
1	Choriocarcinoma	RSK2, PPME1	Promote mRNA stabilization	Promote cell migration and invasion	236
1	Osteosarcoma	c-MYC	Sequester mRNA into mRNP that do not contain RISC to stabilize it	Promote cancer cell proliferation	7
1	Seminoma	TFAP2C	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Increase resistance to cisplatin	163
1	Breast cancer	E-cadherin, β-actin, α-actinin, Arp2/3	Promote mRNA localization	Stabilize cell–cell connections and focal adhesions	128
1	Osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer	PTEN	Bind to a rare codon-comprising fragment of the PTEN ORF to stabilize it	Modulate cell polarization	134
1	Osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, tumor-derived cells	MAPK4	Inhibit mRNA translation through binding to MAPK4 3′UTR	Promote cell adhesion and migration	134,237
1	Rhabdomyosarcomas	cIAP1	Promote mRNA translation	Mediate apoptotic resistance	130
1	HCC	HCV	Promote mRNA translation	\	131
1	OSCC	BMI1	Promote mRNA translation in an m6A-dependent manner	Promote cell proliferation and metastasis	12
1/2/3	cervical cancer, HCC	MYC	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Promote cancer proliferation, migration, and invasion	4
2	HNSCC	SLUG	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Lymphatic metastasis and EMT	238
2	PTC	APOE	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Mediate glycolysis	183
2	Radioiodine-refractory papillary thyroid cancer	RUNX2	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Block the differentiation of radioiodine-refractory papillary thyroid cancer	239
2	Breast cancer	DROSHA	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Maintain breast cancer stem-like cell stemness	18
2/3	LUAD	VANGL1	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Mitigate the effects of radiation on LUAD by increasing genes about DNA repair after the damage	167
2	Lung cancer	TK1	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Promote angiogenesis	42
2	GC	ZEB1	LINC01559 recruits IGF2BP2 to stabilize ZEB1 mRNA	Serve as a transcription factor to combine with LINC01559, and promote cell proliferation, migration, and EMT	94
2	HCC	FEN1	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Promote HCC growth	32
2	PDAC	GLUT1	Bind to the middle of GLUT1 mRNA and promote mRNA stabilization	Promote glycolysis and proliferation	182
2	CRC	KLF4	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	A cancer suppressor gene; regulates intestinal epithelial homeostasis	240
2	CRC	SOX2	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Promote stemness features and metastatic	152
2	CRC	MTA1	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Promote cancer migration and invasion	181
2	CRC	RAF-1	Prevent miRNA-dependent degradation	Promote cancer proliferation and survival	121
2	CRC	HK2	Bind to the 5′UTR/3′UTR of HK2 mRNA as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Promote glycolysis and proliferation	185
2	CRC	MSX1, JARID2	LINC021 enhances its role as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Promote tumorigenesis	241
2	Ovarian cancer	FGF9	Promote mRNA stabilization	Induce chemoresistance and the polarization of TAMs toward the M2 phenotype	104
2	Prostate cancer	IGF1r	The mRNA stabilization may be related to m6A modification	Promotes bone metastasis and cancer growth	96
2	Prostate cancer	LDHA	Bind to the 3′UTR of LDHA mRNA to promote mRNA stabilization	Promote glycolysis	93
2	Malignant embryonic rhabdoid tumor, cervical cancer, breast cancer, HCC, CRC, lung cancer	HMGA1	Bind to the 3′UTR of HMGA1 mRNA to promote mRNA stabilization and may be related to m6A modification	An oncogene; promote cancer proliferation, migration, and invasion	81,105
2	Glioblastoma	let-7 target mRNA (IGF2BP3, HMGA1, HMGA2, CCND1)	Prevent miRNA-dependent degradation	Preserve glioblastoma stem cell	119
2	Glioblastoma	CI/CIV	Promote the mRNA activity	Regulate OXPHOS	137
2	embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma	NRAS	Promote mRNA stabilization	oncogene	242
2	Embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma	IGF2	Promote mRNA translation	\	80
2	Radioiodine-refractory papillary thyroid cancer	ERBB2	Increase translation efficacy through binding to the m6A methylation site	Contribute to acquired resistance to TKI	133
3	NPC	KPNA2	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Promote proliferation and metastasis	40
1/3	Cervical cancer	CD44	Stabilize the 5.0 kb CD44 mRNA	Promote invadopodia formation	129
3	Breast cancer	CD44	Regulate CD44 promoter activity	Promote cell proliferation, maintain stemness, and induce chemotherapy resistance	179
3	Breast cancer	PD-L1	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Inhibit cancer immune surveillance	174
3	Breast cancer	IGF2, MMP9, CD164	Bind to the mRNA and promote mRNA stabilization	Involve in migration and invasion	41
3	Breast cancer	CERS6	Promote mRNA stabilization	Promote cell proliferation, suppress cell apoptosis	102
3	Breast cancer	ABCG2	Bind to ABCG2 mRNA and regulate its expression	Promote cell invasion	243
3	Esophageal cancer	KIF18A	Stabilize KIF18A mRNA	Promote cancer proliferation and migration and is associated with radioresistance	244
3	GC	HDGF	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Secrete HDGF promotes cancer angiogenesis; nuclear HDGF increases glycolysis	14
3	GC	HIF1A	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Promote cell migration and angiogenesis	180
3	HCC	pgRNA	Promote mRNA stabilization in an m6A-independent manner	Promote HCC proliferation, stemness, and tumorigenicity	67
3	HCC	TRAF5	Promote mRNA stabilization	Promote cell proliferation and metastasis	103
3	CRC	KRAS, MAP2K1, TPR, CCNH	Promote mRNA stabilization with the help of ELAVL1	Promote cancer proliferation	245
3	CRC	ABCB1	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Promote cancer chemoresistance	246
3	CRC	CCND1	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Promote cell cycle	160
3	CRC	VEGF	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Promote angiogenesis	160
2/3	CRC	GLUT1	Bind to 3′UTR of GLUT1 mRNA as an m6A reader	Promote glycolysis and proliferation	185
3	PDAC	HK2	Promote mRNA stabilization	Participate glycolysis	184
3	Hematopoietic progenitor cell	CDK6, MYC	Stabilize the mRNA and/or enhance translation	Oncogene	247
3	ccRCC	CDK4	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Is associated with the G1/S transition	95
3	Cervical cancer, HCC	PDK4	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Promote glycolysis and ATP generation	186
3	Acute myeloid leukemia	COX2	Bind to the 3′UTR of mRNA to promote mRNA stabilization	Inhibit cell apoptosis	233
1/3	Myeloid leukemia	MYC, BCL2	Promote stability of m6A-modified mRNA with the help of YBX1	Maintain the myeloid leukemia cell survival	90
3	AML	RCC2	Serve as an m6A reader to promote mRNA stabilization	Promote AML progression	248
3	Human cancer cells	CCND1, CCND3, CCNG1	Cooperate with HNRNPM to regulate post-transcriptional expression	Accelerate cell proliferation	136
3	Ewing sarcoma	CD164	Bind to the mRNA to regulate its expression	Promote cancer invasion	249
3	Some kinds of solid cancers and fibrosarcoma	HMGA2, LIN28B	Sequester mRNA into mRNP that did not contain RISC	Oncogene	117
3	PDAC	164 direct targe mRNA contained HMGA2, ZFP36L1, DCBLD2, CLDN1, CD44, ANTRX1, CLDN1, OLR1	Bind to Ago2 (a RISC component) and act as a bi-modal regulator of mRNA stability	Promote cell migration, proliferation, and remodel focal adhesion	123
3	HCC	ZO-1	Enhance Ago2-mRNA interactions to inhibit ZO-1 expression	Down-regulation of ZO-1 promotes cancer metastasis and invasion	250
3	LUAD	EIF4E-BP2	Serve as an RNA-destabilizing factor to promote EIF4E-BP2 mRNA degradation	Promote EIF4E-mediated translation activation	125
3	CRC	ULBP2	Bind to the 3′UTR of ULBP2 mRNA to destabilize it	Enable immune cells to recognize and destroy cells that express it	124
2/3	TNBC	PR	Recruit CNOT1 to destabilize PR mRNA	Promote the metastasis	47

AML: acute myeloid leukemia; CRC: colorectal cancer; GC: gastric cancer; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HNSCC: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; LUAD: lung adenocarcinoma; NPC: nasopharyngeal carcinoma; OSCC, oral squamous cell carcinoma; PC, pancreatic cancer; PDAC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PTC: papillary thyroid cancer; TNBC: triple-negative breast cancer.