Table 1.
Examples of the effectiveness of the hepatitis B vaccine after more than 30 years of application
| Country | Outcome | Ref |
|---|---|---|
| Alaska | Elimination of HCC and acute hepatitis B in children. | [61] |
| China | Incidence rate of liver cancer significantly lower after vaccination in a randomized control trial. | [62] |
| China | Reduction of the risk of HBV infection in blood donors. | [63] |
| Cuba | Reduction in the annual incidence of acute HBV infection cases. | [64] |
| Italy | Modeling shows a significant reduction in HBV-related diseases (infections, chronic disease, and HCC), and related costs. | [65] |
| Senegal | Absence of HBsAg positivity in children below 4 years of age. | [66] |
| Taiwan | Decline in HBsAg positivity rate, from 9.7% in university students born before June 1974 to <1.0% in those born after 1992. | [67] |
| Taiwan | Steady decline in HCC incidence in children from 1981 to 1994. | [68] |
| Global burden | 31.3% decline in chronic HBV infection between 1990 and 2019, 76.8% in children younger than 5 years. | [2] |
HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV: Hepatitis B virus. HBsAg: HBV surface antigen.