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. 2023 Jun 12;23:101452. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101452

Table 2.

Inflation hardships, gender, and distress (n = 119,531).

Model 1 Inflation Hardships
Model 2 Inflation Hardships x Female
b (se) b (se)
Focal Variables
Inflation Hardship (ref: No Inflation Hardships)
 One Inflation Hardship .579*** (.063) .552*** (.078)
 Two Inflation Hardships 1.334*** (.058) 1.292*** (.079)
 Three Inflation Hardships 2.408*** (.064) 2.288*** (.089)
 Four Inflation Hardships 3.784*** (.086) 3.813*** (.135)
 Five or more Inflation Hardships 5.169*** (.123) 5.547*** (.166)
Gender (ref: Male)
 Female .271*** (.037) .208* (.090)
Interaction
Inflation Hardship x Female
 One Inflation Hardship x Female .066 (.111)
 Two Inflation Hardships x Female .095 (.112)
 Three Inflation Hardships x Female .235 (.122)
 Four Inflation Hardships x Female −.039 (.169)
 Five or more Inflation Hardships x Female −.750*** (.234)
Controls
Age −.002 (.837) −.002 (.008)
Age2 −.000*** (.000) −.000*** (.000)
Race (ref: White)
 Black −.453*** (.717) −.455*** (.072)
 Latino −.339*** (.074) −.342*** (.081)
 Asian −.456*** (.081) −.456*** (.081)
 Other .192* (.088) .191* (.088)
Education (ref: <High School)
 Some High School −.314 (.252) .309 (.252)
 High School .102 (.215) .100 (.214)
 Some College .168 (.429) .167 (.213)
 Associate Degree .111 (.602) .112 (.215)
 College −.063 (.212) −.064 (.212)
 Graduate Degree −.184 (.212) −.186 (.213)
Household Income (ref: <25,000)
 $25,000-$34,999 −.279** (.089) −.279** (.089)
 $35,000-$49,999 −.612*** (.087) −.612*** (.087)
 $50,000-$74,999 −.865*** (.077) −.865*** (.077)
 $75,000-$99,999 −1.102*** (.080) −1.102*** (.082)
 $100,000-$149,999 −1.219*** (.078) −1.219*** (.076)
 $150,000-$199,999 −1.283*** (.087) −1.283*** (.088)
 ≥$200,000 −.1.335*** (.085) −1.336*** (.085)
 Did Not Report Income −.682*** (.105) −.687*** (.105)
Employment Status (ref: Employed)
 Unemployed .890*** (.106) −.888*** (.106)
 Caretaker −.069 (.134) −.068 (.134)
 Retired −.122* (.056) −.121* (.056)
 Other 1.171*** (.074) 1.170*** (.074)
Marital Status (ref: Married)
 Single/Never Married .434*** (.058) .431*** (.059)
 Widowed/Divorced/Separated .307*** (.048) .303*** (.048)
Number of Children −.122*** (.022) −.122*** (.022)
Region (ref: North)
 South −.045 (.056) −.032 (.056)
 Midwest −.253*** (.057) −.255*** (.057)
 West −.037 (.060) −.038 (.059)
Week (ref: September 14–26)
 October 5–17 −.034 (.047) −.034 (.047)
 November 2–14 −.070 (.043) −.070 (.043)

†p < .10, *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001 (two-tailed tests).