Table 5.

Results of generalized linear mixed effects models for cognitive reserve predictors and global cognition scores over the course of follow-up

CR Operationalization Techniques	Global Cognition
	Estimate (95% CI)	Standard Error	p-value
Education	2.29 (1.91, 2.67)	0.19	< .001
Managerial level occupation	-0.60 (-1.37, 0.18)	0.40	.133
Professional level occupation	1.81 (1.00, 2.62)	0.41	< .001
Occupational cognitive requirements score	0.35 (-0.06, 0.75)	0.21	.094
Leisure activities
Age 18	1.48 (1.12, 1.85)	0.19	< .001
Late life	1.15 (0.78, 1.51)	0.19	< .001
Cognitive activities
Age 6	0.75 (0.37, 1.13)	0.20	< .001
Age 12	1.03 (0.66, 1.39)	0.19	< .001
Age 18	1.14 (1.05, 1.77)	0.18	< .001
Age 40	1.37 (1.00, 1.74)	0.19	< .001
Late life	1.68 (1.29, 2.06)	0.20	< .001
Mood and personality	1.05 (0.70, 1.41)	0.18	< .001
Intelligence quotient	2.75 (2.39, 3.10)	0.18	< .001
Years of language training	0.07 (-0.36, 0.50)	0.22	.751
Physical activities in late life	-0.13 (-0.50, 0.24)	0.19	.478
Income
Age 40	0.36 (-0.04, 0.77)	0.21	.078
Late life	1.16 (0.76, 1.55)	0.20	< .001
Mobility	0.59 (0.23, 0.96)	0.19	.001
Body mass index	0.19 (-0.18, 0.56)	0.19	.321
Social activities in late life	0.51 (0.14, 0.88)	0.19	.007
Marriage status	1.16 (0.33, 1.99)	0.42	.006
Social network size	0.59 (0.21, 0.97)	0.19	.002
Perceived social isolation	0.95 (0.59, 1.32)	0.19	< .001
Any history of smoking	0.22 (-0.54, 0.99)	0.39	.565
Parental education	1.50 (1.13, 1.88)	0.19	< .001
Perceived social support	0.33 (-0.05, 0.71)	0.19	.085
Retirement	-1.38 (-2.53, -0.23)	0.59	.018
Adverse childhood experiences	1.05 (0.69, 1.41)	0.19	< .001
CRIq-based score	2.00 (1.61, 2.39)	0.20	< .001
LEQ-based score	2.22 (1.83, 2.60)	0.20	< .001
Lifecourse CR Score	2.44 (2.08, 2.80)	0.18	< .001

CR cognitive reserve, CRIq Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire, LEQ Lifetime of Experience Questionnaire