Table 2.

Associations of glucosamine use with incident cause-specific dementia

Categories of dementia	Glucosamine non-users	Glucosamine users	P value
	N = 162,052	N = 52,893
Vascular dementia
No. of case	1039	229	-
Person-years	1,853,990	613,980	-
Age- and sex-adjusted model	1 [Reference]	0.68 (0.59, 0.78)	< 0.001
Model 1	1 [Reference]	0.82 (0.70, 0.96)	0.014
Model 2	1 [Reference]	0.83 (0.70, 0.97)	0.023
Alzheimer’s disease
No. of case (%)	1774	581
Person-years	1,852,132	613,119
Age- and sex-adjusted model	1 [Reference]	0.97 (0.88, 1.07)	0.553
Model 1	1 [Reference]	1.02 (0.92, 1.14)	0.648
Model 2	1 [Reference]	1.00 (0.89, 1.11)	0.929
Frontotemporal dementia
No. of case (%)	122	32	-
Person-years	1,855,706	614,363	-
Age- and sex-adjusted model	1 [Reference]	0.83 (0.56, 1.23)	0.348
Model 1	1 [Reference]	0.95 (0.63, 1.43)	0.804
Model 2	1 [Reference]	1.20 (0.78, 1.85)	0.401

Model 1: adjusted for age, sex (female or male), ethnicity (white, others), centers, body mass index, household income (< 18,000, 18,000–30,999, 31,000–51,999, 52,000–10,000, > 100,000 £/yr), Townsend deprivation index, smoking status (never, former, current), alcohol consumption (daily or almost daily, 3–4 times a week, once or twice a week, 1–3 times a month, never or special occasions only), optimal physical activity (yes or no), family history of dementia (yes or no), APOE ε4 dosage (0, 1, 2), self-reported diabetes (yes or no), self-reported hypertension (yes or no), self-reported arthritis (yes or no), history of cardiovascular disease (yes or no), antihypertensive drugs (yes or no), lipid treatment (yes or no), aspirin use (yes or no), non-aspirin NSAID use (yes or no), insulin treatment (yes or no)

Model 2: covariates in Model 1 plus cereal intake, fish intake, fruit intake, red meat intake, vegetable intake, vitamin supplements, mineral and other supplements, healthy diet score