Table 1.

Summary of barriers to diabetic retinopathy screening

Resource	Barriers
Systematic review with the general population [23]	Environmental context and resources: access, competing priorities, financial concerns, specialist availability, scheduling appointment, referral issues
	Social influences: doctor-patient communications, language, trust, stigma, community/family support
	Knowledge: awareness of diabetes-retinopathy link, confusion between retinopathy screening and routine eye exam
	Memory/attention/decision processes: symptoms, co-morbidities, forgetting
	Beliefs about consequences: worry about harmful effects of screening, perceived necessity of screening
	Emotions: fear, defensiveness
Previous studies with linguistic minority groups [16]	Views about harms caused by screening itself
	Forgetting to book screening appointments
	Lack of transparency on screening costs (some out-of-pocket)
	Wait times
	Making/getting to appointments
	Lack of awareness about retinopathy screening
	Language barriers
	Family and clinical support