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. 2022 Jul 11;31(6):939–948. doi: 10.1177/10668969221110456

Table 1.

Criteria Used to Define LVI and the Frequently Encountered Imitators of LVI.

Major criteria Supportive features Mimickers related to tumor Mimickers related to normal structures

  • - Dilated channels

  • - Corrugated surface

  • - Endothelial cell nuclei protruding into the lumen

  • - Proteinaceous material

  • - Fibrin

  • - Necrosis

  • - Valve disruption

  • - Crushing artifact of tumor emboli

  • - Attachment to the wall or valve

  • - Thrombosis

  • - Inflammatory cells

  • - Retraction artifact of tumor

  • - Intraductal carcinoma

  • - Mechanical displacement of tumorous tissue into vascular spaces or prostatic duct

  • - Tumor encroachment with vascular spaces

  • - Tumor hemorrhage

  • - Tumor angiogenesis

  • - Retraction artifact of normal acini and perineural spaces

  • - Mechanical displacement of benign tissue into vascular spaces or prostatic duct

  • - Mechanical displacement of RBCs into clefting artifact

  • - Organized thrombi

  • - Autolysis of seminal vesicle

  • - Dilated prostatic ducts with sloughed epithelium, proteinaceous material and foamy cells