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. 2023 Sep 8;7(3):036114. doi: 10.1063/5.0160472

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FIG. 5. — Gene expression of bovine articular chondrocytes in GelMA and GelMA-GC hydrogel constructs at 28 days of culture. Relative mRNA expression levels of (a) collagen I (COL1A2), (b) collagen II (COL2A1), and (c) aggrecan (ACAN) in statically cultured (free swelling) and intermittently loaded (loaded after 14 days pre-culture; total 28 days) GelMA (15%, w/v) and GelMA-GC (GelMA 15% and GC 1%, w/v) hydrogels cross-linked with Ru/SPS at 405 nm LED light. Gene expression is relative to the geometric mean of housekeeping genes RPL13A and B2M and presented on a log₂ scale. Mechanically stimulated constructs were terminated 2 h after the last loading cycle had finished. Hydrogel types sharing the same Roman numeral are statistically similar, while hydrogel types with different numerals are significantly different (p < 0.05; n = 6).