Table 3.
Baseline and post-race serum biomarkers, echocardiography and CMR changes in all cyclists
| Before (n = 19) | Post-race (n = 18) | p-value post vs pre-race | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blood sample | |||
| Troponin I, ng/l | 1.9 ± 5.1 [0–18.8] | 69.9 ± 41.6 [14.4–200.3] | < 0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (CRP), mg/L | 1.1 ± 2.1 [0.2–9.5] | 4,0 ± 3,1 [0,4–9,6] | < 0.001 |
| Creatin kinase total, ng/L | 122.4 ± 52.2 [53–266] | 527,2 ± 541,8 [156–2558] | 0.006 |
| Creatin kinase-MB, ng/L | 26,9 ± 5,8 [21–36] | ||
| Echocardiography-LV | |||
| Strain A4C, % | − 19.7 ± 1.7 [− 20.5− (− 18.9)] | − 18.2 ± 1.7 [− 19.0− (− 17.3)] | 0.007 |
| GLS, % | − 19.8 ± 1.5 [− 20.5− (− 19.1)] | − 18.8 ± 2.0 [− 19.8− (− 17.7)] | 0.047 |
| Echocardiography-RV | |||
| Strain RV, FW, % | − 25.5 ± 2.5 [− 26.8− (− 24.3)] | − 23.2 ± 3.2 [− 24.8− (− 21.6)] | 0.009 |
| Strain RV A4C, % | − 22.1 ± 2.3 [− 23.2− (− 20.9)] | − 20.5 ± 2.4 [− 21.7− (− 19.4)] | 0.025 |
| Echocardiography-LA | |||
| LAsr, % | 36 ± 13.9 [29.1–42.9] | 30.4 ± 10.1 [25.4–35.4] | 0.208 |
| LAscd, % | − 22.6 ± 9.3 [− 27.2− (− 17.9)] | − 20.9 ± 9.0 [− 25.4− (− 16.4)] | 0.572 |
| LAsct, % | − 13.7 ± 8.6 [-18.0− (− 9.4)] | − 10.1 ± 4.3 [− 12.3− (− 8.0)] | 0.204 |
| LA Volmax, ml | 58.6 ± 17.5 [49.9–67.3)] | 55.6 ± 18.4 [46.5–64.7] | 0.583 |
| LA Volmin, ml | 22.4 ± 9.0 [17.8–27.0)] | 22.5 ± 10.5 [17.1–27.9)] | 0.967 |
| LA VolPreA, ml | 38.7 ± 15.4 [30.1–46.6)] | 36.8 ± 18.2 [27.5–46.2)] | 0.689 |
| LAVI, ml/m2 | 28.6 ± 7.9 [24.7–32.6)] | 27.5 ± 9.1 [23.0–32.0)] | 0.664 |
| Echocardiography-RA | |||
| RAsr, % | 41.2 ± 10.5 [35.8–46.6] | 34.1 ± 7.8 [30.1–38.1] | 0.013 |
| RAscd, % | − 25.7 ± 4.8 [− 28.2− (− 23.3)] | − 19.5 ± 8.0 [− 23.6− (− 15.4)] | 0.004 |
| RAsct, % | − 15.5 ± 8.7 [− 20.0− (− 11.0)] | − 14.5 ± 6.4 [− 17.8− (− 11.3)] | 0.676 |
| RA Vol, ml | 69.6 ± 25.0 [57.2–82] | 65.4 ± 19.1 [55.8–75.0] | 0.472 |
| RAVI, ml/m2 | 34.4 ± 12.8 [28.1–40.8] | 32.1 ± 9.0 [27.6–36.6] | 0.426 |
| CMR-left Heart | |||
| LV ejection fraction, % | 58.4 ± 5.1 [49–68] | 57.2 ± 5.8 [45–65] | 0.733 |
| LVEDVi, ml/m2 | 100.5 ± 13.3 [81–129] | 100.5 ± 15.0 [77.8–130] | 0.624 |
| LVESVi, ml/m2 | 42.0 ± 8.5 [28.7–64.4] | 43.3 ± 10.7 [31.1–68.2] | 0.738 |
| LV cardiac index, l/min/m2 | 3.2 ± 0.6 [2.4–4.5] | 4.0 ± 0.7 [3.2–5.6] | < 0.001 |
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 61.8 ± 7.3 [54–85] | 62.1 ± 6.2 [54–79] | 0.553 |
| CMR- right Heart | |||
| RV ejection fraction, % | 54.3 ± 4.5 [49–64] | 50.8 ± 4.1 [41–61] | 0.005 |
| RVEDVi, ml/m2 | 106.7 ± 16.4 [81.1–140] | 113.5 ± 15.9 [88.8–142] | 0.005 |
| RVESVi, ml/m2 | 48.9 ± 9.7 [29.3–65.1] | 56.1 ± 10.8 [36.2–83] | < 0.001 |
| RV cardiac index, l/min/m2 | 3.2 ± 0.6 [2.4–4.6] | 4.1 ± 0.7 [3.4–5.6] | < 0.001 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 56 ± 8 [42–71] | 67 ± 7 [57–79] | < 0.001 |
| Mapping parameters* | |||
| T1, ms | 1133 ± 48 [1045–1251] | 1182 ± 46 [1110–1281] | < 0.001 |
| T2, ms | 43.9 ± 2.8 [39.2–50.3] | 44.1 ± 2.5 [40.1–50.2] | 0.474 |
Numbers are mean ± standard deviation for continuous data. Lower and upper 95% CI between brackets
CMR cardiac magnetic resonance, LA left atrium, RA right atrium, LV left ventricle, A4C apical 4 chamber, GLS the average global longitudinal stain between 2, 3 and 4 apical views, FW free wall, LAsr left atrial reservoir strain, LAscd left atrial conduit strain, LAsct left atrial contractile strain, LA Volmax maximal left atrial volume, LA Volmin minimal left atrial volume, LA VolPreA pre-A-wave left atrial volume, LAVI left atrial volume indexed, RAsr right atrial reservoir strain, RASscd right atrial conduit strain, RAsct right atrial contractile strain, RA Vol right atrial volume, RAVI right atrial volume indexed, LVEDVi left ventricular end-diastolic volume index, LVESVi left ventricular end-systolic volume index, RV right ventricle, RVEDVi right ventricular end-diastolic volume index, RVESVi right ventricular end-systolic volume index, ml millimeter, ms milliseconds, min minutes
*17 cyclists