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. 2023 Sep 9;13:14893. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-42129-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effects of topical application (applied as a direct spray on the organism) of insecticide formulations on the the number of eggs produced per queen during the study period (A,C) and survival (B,D) of L. niger (A,B) and M. rubra (C,D) queens. The survival is quantified as the percentage of queens that survived the treatment and the follow-up period during the experiment. Only egg counts from queens that survived until the end of the experiment are shown. The maximum concentrations used: 1.25 g L⁻¹ (acetamiprid, A, formulated as Mospilan), 0.6 g L⁻¹ (sulfoxaflor, S, formulated as Gondola), and 0.875 g 1 L⁻¹ (deltamethrin, D, formulated as Sanium Ultra). The concentrations lower by up to three orders of magnitude are indicated by fractions. Asterisks indicate significant numbers of eggs that significantly differed from the controls (Bonferroni post-test p < 0.05). Numbers of eggs are shown using individual datapoints, with short lines indicating the means. ND number of eggs was not defined because of 100% mortality of queens at the respective concentration.