Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics of the Study Cohort

Characteristic	Control group (n=91)	Atrial fibrillation group (n=106)	P value
Age, y	70.6 (7.4)	72.5 (7.8)	0.08
Female sex	44 (48.4)	50 (47.2)	0.90
Race			<0.001*
White	64 (70.3)	78 (73.6)
Asian	15 (16.5)	11 (10.4)
Black	1 (1.1)	3 (2.8)
Multiracial	6 (6.6)	12 (11.3)
Other†	5 (5.5)	2 (1.9)
Hypertension	57 (62.6)	82 (77.4)	0.02*
Diabetes	29 (31.9)	42 (39.6)	0.30
Coronary artery disease	18 (19.8)	40 (37.7)	0.006*
Positive smoking history (n=191)	40 (47.1)	37 (34.9)	0.09
Carotid stenosis	7 (7.7)	12 (11.3)	0.39
Stroke	1 (1.1)	13 (12.3)	0.002*
Myocardial infarction	3 (3.3)	8 (7.5)	0.20
RIPLs	34 (37.4)	61 (57.5)	0.005*

Mean (SD) reported for age. Frequency (percentage) reported for other variables. RIPL indicates retinal ischemic perivascular lesion.

^*The asterisks are to indicate the P‐values that are <0.05.

^†Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander or unknown race.