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. 2023 Jul 25;12(15):e030603. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.123.030603

Figure 2. Timeline of scientific advancements in clonal hematopoiesis and overview of research currently performed across the left ventricle ejection classification.

Figure 2

A, Since the first discovery of CH‐associated cardiovascular disease in 2014, research in CH grew with multiple major scientific advancements in the years thereafter. In 2019, CH was associated with a worse prognosis in patients with ischemic HFrEF. In 2020, the first mouse study that did not use any external trigger to cause heart failure (eg, pressure overload, ischemia) showed that CH by itself may lead to HFrEF. In 2021, CH was associated with a worse prognosis in patients with HFrEF regardless of ischemic cause. In 2022, CH was associated with development of HFpEF. B, In vitro, in vivo, and patient studies performed across nonischemic and ischemic HFrEF and HFpEF. + indicates association studies; ++, studies that established mechanisms; – the absence of research. CH indicates clonal hematopoiesis; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; IL‐1, interleukin‐1; IL‐6, interleukin‐6; and NLRP3, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3.