Table  .

Clinical Studies Showing the Inflammasome/IL‐1/IL‐6 Pathway Is Often Upregulated in HFpEF

First author (year)	No. of HFpEF patients	No. of control patients	Type of controls	Increase of CH‐associated cytokines in HFpEF	Comment
Matsubara 90 (2011)	82	171	Patients without HF or another type of HF	Yes	CRP and IL‐6 were upregulated in HFpEF.
Santhanakrishnan 86 (2012)	50	101	Patients without HF or another type of HF	No	il1rl1 was tested and was not increased in the HFpEF study group, possible due to small sample sizes.
Sanders‐van Wijk 89 (2015)	112	458	Patients with another type of HF	Yes	il1rl1, hs‐CRP, and IL‐6 were upregulated in HFpEF.
Van Tassell 93 (2018)	21	10	Patients with HFpEF who were not treated with IL‐1 blockade	Yes	IL‐1 blockade by anakinra reduced CRP and NT‐proBNP in HFpEF.
Sanders‐van Wijk 94 (2020)	345	30	Patients without HF or another type of HF	Yes	IL‐1, IL‐6, and TNF‐α were upregulated in 2 separate clusters of HFpEF patients.
Kresoja 91 (2021)	999	999	Patients without HF	Yes	IL‐1, the TNF superfamily, and IL‐6 were upregulated in HFpEF.

CH indicates clonal hematopoiesis; CRP, C‐reactive protein; HF, heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; IL‐1, interleukin‐1; il1rl1, interleukin 1 receptor ligand‐1; IL‐6, interleukin‐6; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; and TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor‐α.