Table 1.

Published literature on calcineurin inhibitors as a ‘bridge’ to novel biologics in inflammatory bowel disease

Author Year (Reference)	Study design	Number of patients (IBD subtype)	CNI therapy	Biologic therapy	Key results
Szántó et al. 2018 [4]	Case series	6 (2 UC; 4 CD)	Cyclosporine	Vedolizumab	• 100% responded to cyclosporine-vedolizumab induction. • Colonoscopy after induction showed mucosal healing in 1, significant regression in 1 and moderate regression of mucosal inflammation in 3 patients. • 1 patient eventually underwent colectomy.
Christensen et al. 2019 [5]	Retrospective observational	20 (11 UC; 9 CD)	11 Cyclosporine 9 Tacrolimus	Vedolizumab	• At 1 year, 33% (CD) and 45% (UC) were in steroid-free clinical remission. • At 1 year, 59% remained on vedolizumab.
Pellet et al. 2019 [6]	Retrospective observational	39 (39 UC)	37 Cyclosporine 2 Tacrolimus	Vedolizumab	• At 1 year, 68% had colectomy-free survival. • At 1 year, 44% remained on vedolizumab.
Ollech et al. 2019 [7]	Retrospective observational	71 (71 UC)	48 Cyclosporine 23 Tacrolimus	Vedolizumab	• At 1 and 2 years, 43% and 76% had steroid-free remission respectively. • At 1 and 2 years, 67% and 55% had colectomy-free survival respectively. • At 1 and 2 years, 43% and 28% remained on vedolizumab respectively. • At 1 year, 21% had endoscopic remission.
Resál et al. 2020 [8]	Case series	13 (13 UC)	Cyclosporine	Vedolizumab	• At 1 year, 63% had steroid-free remission. • At 21 months, 100% had colectomy-free survival. • Until last follow-up, 77% were still on vedolizumab.
Ganzleben et al. 2020 [9]	Case report	1 (1 UC)	Cyclosporine	Ustekinumab	• At ~5 months (139 days), patient was in clinical and endoscopic remission. • At ~7 months (195 days), patient was in sustained clinical remission.
Shaffer et al. 2021 [10]	Case series	2 (2 UC)	Cyclosporine	Ustekinumab	• At 4 months, both patients were in clinical remission.

CNI: Calcineurin inhibitors; CD: Crohn’s disease; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis