Figure 5.

Cell cytotoxicity of free and adsorbed OLA in different pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines. (A) Cell lines of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (Panc02, PANC-1, and MIA PaCa-2) were exposed to increasing concentrations of OLA, free or adsorbed on NPs. Cell viability of the corresponding controls (DMSO, NP-ACP and NP-ACP-AA) is also shown. (B) Graphical representation of the normalized proliferation values in cell lines treated with free OLA, NP-ACP-OLA and NP-ACP-OLA-AA after subtracting the effect of their controls: DMSO, NP-ACP and NP-ACP-AA, respectively. Data are represented as the mean ± SD (n=3). *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001; ^#Were used to indicate the significant differences in cell viability between NP-ACP-OLA and NP-ACP-OLA-AA groups. ^#p ≤ 0.05, ^##p ≤ 0.01, ^###p ≤ 0.001. (C) IC₅₀ values (in µM) obtained in the cell lines after being treated with OLA, NP-ACP-OLA, and NP-ACP-OLA-AA. The real value (RV) and the normalized value (NV) represents, respectively, the IC₅₀ without or with subtraction of the control toxicities. (D) Optical micrographs of cells treated with OLA or NP-ACP-OLA-AA, showing cell enlargement compared to the control. Scale bar = 100 nm. (E) Optical micrograph of a drop containing red-stained nanoparticles (NP-ACP-AA) and micrographs of PANC-1 cells without treatment or treated with NP-ACP-AA for 24 hours and then stained with alizarin red. Scale bar = 100 nm. Pictures were collected with a 20X objective.