Table 1.
Physical Exercise, Mobile Phone Addiction, Negative Emotions, and E-Health Literacy by Mann–Whitney U-Test for Gender and Kruskal–Wallis H-Test for Grade Level (M±SD)
| Variables | Physical Activity | Mobile Phone Addiction | Negative Emotions | E-Health Literacy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mann–Whitney U | 2133319.000 | 2,140,384.000 | 2,128,156.500 | 2,227,407.000 |
| Wilcoxon W | 5212240.000 | 3,980,705.000 | 3,968,477.500 | 5,306,328.000 |
| Z | −5.905 | −5.725 | −6.023 | −3.712 |
| Asymptotic saliency (two-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Card Parties | 4.63 | 22.105 | 22.493 | 29.315 |
| df | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Progressive Significance | 0.099 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Male | 14.59±18.36 | 41.09±14.45 | 16.32±14.23 | 28.55±7.94 |
| Female | 17.56±20.37 | 38.5±13.41 | 13.48±12.20 | 29.52±7.15 |
| First Year | 14.84±17.59 | 41.09±13.31 | 15.67±12.71 | 28.22±7.27 |
| Second Year | 16.27±20.04 | 39.58±14.40 | 14.96±13.87 | 29.26±7.81 |
| Third Year | 18.45±21.00 | 36.53±14.04 | 11.96±12.19 | 30.66±6.87 |