Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Aug 28;14:1217165. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1217165

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2023 Sahoo, Heilmann, Paital, Patel, Yadav, Wong and Jergens

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of phytochemicals and hormones. Anti-inflammatory mechanisms involve the modulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways, such as the downstream pro-inflammatory effects mediated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Activation (release of IκB inhibition) and nuclear translocation of NF-κB inhibition, which result in the transcription of several pro-inflammatory genes, can be inhibited by several phytochemicals and hormones (left panel). Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1)-induced activation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), resulting in an increased expression of antioxidant enzymes (AOEs), can also be inhibited by phytochemicals and hormones (right panel). In the presence of OS, Keap1 relinquishes its binding to Nrf2, thereby enabling the translocation of Nrf2 into the nucleus. Subsequently, Nrf2 forms a complex with small Maf (sMaf) proteins, resulting in the formation of Nrf2/sMaf heterodimer, which then binds to the Antioxidant Response Element (ARE) located on different stress-related gene targets. The figure was produced with BioRender (www.biorender.com; accessed on 17^th July 2023). Resveratrol (RSV); Curcumin (CUR); Quercetin (QCT); Ginger (GIN); Flavonoids (FLA); Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE); Luteolin; (LUT); Xanthohumol (XN); Genistein (GEN); Berberine (BER); Flaxseed oil (α-linolenic acid) (FSO); Sulforaphane (SUL); Tamarind xyloglucan (TXG); Alpinetin (ALP); Proanthocyanidins (PA); Anthocyanins (ANTH); Silymarin (SIL); Thymol (THY); Melatonin (MEL); ubiquitin (Ub); phosphorylation (P); IκB kinase (Iκκ); Mammalian NF-κB family members: NF-κB1 (p50), c-Rel and RelA (p65).